Vithalbhai Patel, Sardar Patel

Stormy Period Ahead of India

Involved Issues

LONDON, December 25. - Throughout its length and breadth the vast sub-continent of India is today vibrant with party slogans and a flutter with political flags as - over the next four months or so millions go to the polls in what for many of them will be the first election in eight years.

Congress possesses by far the most powerful political organisation. Indeed, it is India's only all-pervading mass organisation, founded in 1883 at the suggestion of a retired British ICS man, with the blessing of the Viceroy, in order-a nice touch this-" to reveal the real wishes of the people"-Congress, with its four anna (4d.) membership fee. now thrusts out its tentacles into all the villages of India.

Congress campaign manager is Sardar Patel, son of a Gujerati farmer and Gandhi's right-hand man since he organised his first no-tax campaigns. Patel has a rather sinister reputation for ruthlessness,
"My only culture is agriculture," he- proudly tells Congress's
bright young men.
In organising his campaign Patel has the inestimable advantage
not only of being able to draw on the almost bottomless coffers of the fabulously rich Seth Bajaj and the Finance Titans of India, the Birla Brothers, but also on an unrivalled galaxy of oratorical talent.

TRIBUTE TO SARDAR PATEL

ખરી પડેલો ચમકતો તારો – હિંદના લાડીલા “સરદાર”

“મારી ઈંતેજારી તો જ્યા મહાત્મા ગાંધીજી, કસ્તુરબા અને મહાદેવ દેસાઈ ગયા છે ત્યાં જવાની છે. છતાં થોડાંક વર્ષ આ દુનિયામાં હજુ રહેવા ઈચ્છું છું. તેઓની ઈચ્છાથી જ તેઓનું કાર્ય પુરૂ કરવા હું અહી રહ્યો છું.” – સરદાર પટેલ – ઓક્ટોબર ૩૧મી ના ૭૫મી વર્ષગાંઠની આગલી સાંજે સાબરમતી આશ્રમમાં આ ઉદ્દ્ગારો કાઢ્યા હતા.

અને આજે તેઓએ સૌને અખંડ ભારતની ભેટ આપીને શુક્રવાર તા. ૧૫-૧૨-૫૦ના રોજ સવારે ૯ કલાક અને ૩૭ મિનીટે સરદાર શ્રી વલ્લભભાઈ પટેલ મુંબઈમાં દેહ છોડી ચાલ્યા ગયા. અને પોતાની ઈચ્છા પુર્ણ કરી. અવસાનના આશરે દોઢ મહિના પહેલા જ તેઓ ગુજરાત આવ્યા હતા. તે વખતે તેમની ૭૬મી વર્ષગાંઠ ઉજવાયેલ તે સમયે સરદાર સાહેબની તબિયત ઢીલી હોવા છતાં સરદાર સાહેબ દરેકને મળવાનો પ્રયત્ન કરતા હતા. અને આખું ગુજરાત જાણે એક મહોત્સવ ઉજવી રહ્યું હોય તેવો માહોલ સર્જાયો હતો. ગુજરાતને તેમના દર્શન થયા અને જતા પહેલાં તેઓ પોતે પણ આંખ ભરીને તેઓ પોતાની કર્મભૂમી અને ત્યાંના તેમના જુના સાથીઓને જોઈ શક્યા.

ગુજરાતની ફુલપાંખડી સ્વીકારીને તેઓ અમદાવાદ થી દિલ્હી ગયા ત્યારે તેમને મનમાં એમ હતું ખરુ કે, હજી ગુજરાતના બીજા ભાગોમાં જવાનું બાકી છે તે ફરી જાન્યુઆરીમાં કરીશ. એમ બે હપ્તે ગુજરાતનાં સૌ ભાઈ બહેનો અને કાર્યકર્તાઓને મળવાનો ખ્યાલ હતો. પરંતુ દિલ્હી ગયા પછી તેમની તબિયત વધુ બગડી અને તેમને મુંબઈ લાવ્યા. અહી આવીને ૨-૩ દિવસ તો સારૂ લાગ્યું એટલે સૌને થયું કે, મુંબઈની હવા તેમની તબિયતમાં સુધારો લાવશે. પરંતુ લોકોને ક્યાં ખબર હતી કે ઓલવાતા દીવાનો એ છેલ્લો ચમકારો હતો. ગુરૂવાર રાત પછી તેમની તબિયત કથળી અને શુક્રવારે સવારે તેમણે દેહત્યાગ કર્યો.

દેશ માટે આઘાત જનક સમાચાર અને કોઈને પણ આંચકો લાગે તેવા સમાચાર હતા. ૧૯૪૭થી દેશનું જે ઘડતર થઈ રહ્યુ હતું તેમા સરદાર એક આધાર સ્તંભ હતા. અને ગુજરાતે તો પોતાનું શિરછત્ર ગુમાવ્યું. ૧૯૧૫થી શરૂ થયેલો યુગનો અંત આવ્યો.

સ્વરાજ લાવવા માટે શું કરવું? લડવું કેવી રીતે? પ્રજાને તે વિષે તાલીમ શી રીતે આપવી? આ સવાલ ફક્ત સરદાર સાહેબનો જ નહોતો પરંતુ ૧૯૧૫ પછી તો કોંગ્રેસ અને આખા દેશનો હતો. અને એટલેજ ગાંધીજી અને તેમની સાથે સરદાર એકદમ અખિલ હિંદની ભુમિકામાં પહોચી ગયા. સરદારે ગુજરાતનું કામ સંભાળી લઈ ગાંધીજીને દેશના વ્યાપક ક્ષેત્રને માટે નવરાશ કરી આપી. ગાંધીજીના ગુજરાતના બધાંજ કામો સંભાળવા એ સરદારનું સહજ કાર્ય બની ગયું. અને કેમ ન બને આખરે ગુજરાતનો દીકરો ગુજરાતનો આપ્તજન બને તે સ્વાભાવિક છે. તેમણે ગુજરાતની પ્રાંતિક સમીતીઓ દ્વારા નાના મોટા બધા સેવાકાર્યો આ સંસ્થાની પાંખ તળે રહી હુંફ મેળવતા થયા. અને ગુજરાતમાં એક સર્વ સમન્વિત ઢબે રચનાત્મક કાર્યક્રમ કરવા માટે તંત્ર ઊભું થઈ શક્યું. વલ્લાભભાઈની આ સંગઠન શક્તિ અને કુટુમ્બભાવ દ્વારા જ ગુજરાત પોતાના સેવાકાર્યો દ્વારા પ્રજાની તાકાત તથા પોતાનું હીર પ્રગટ કરી શકાય એ ખાતરી આપી શક્યુ.

આ બધામાં એક મોટી શરત હતી કે તેને જે ન સમજે તે સરદારને પણ ન સમજી શકે અને એ શરત હતી સ્વરાજની. સ્વરાજ મેળવવા માટે આત્મશુધ્ધિ કરીને પ્રજાને સ્વાવલંબી ને બળવાન કરવાની હતી. જે કાર્ય કે તેને કરનાર વ્યક્તિ કે સંસ્થા ગાંધીજીના મૂળમંત્રને ન સમજે તેને સરદારની નજરમાં સ્થાન ન મળી શકે. સરકાર પોતાની ન હોવા છતાં પ્રજા પોતાના આપબળે કામ કરી શકે છે તે સરદારે સાબિત કરી બતાવ્યું. પ્રત્યક્ષ જે કાંઈ જરૂર હોય તેને મોજુદા સાધનો વડે પહોચી વળીને પણ પ્રજાની તાકાત વધારવી, જેથી સૌ સારા વાના થશે, તે તેમની બાળપણની સાદી સમજ છે. અને સામાન્ય ગુજરાતીની પણ વહેવાર માટે એજ સમજ હોય છે. તેથી જ સરદારને ગુજરાતના બધા વર્ગો પોતાના કહી શકતા હતા. અને આ સમજને ગાંધીજીના આદર્શ ખાતે અર્પણ કરી.

મગનભાઈ દેસાઈએ તો તા: ૨૧-૧૨-૫૦ “હરીજન બંધુમાં” તો ત્યાં સુધી કહ્યુ છે કે “એમના જેવા પુરુષોની જ્યારે ખુબ જરૂર છે ત્યારે તે ગયા. પણ ટીળક મહારાજ પેઠે એમને ખાતરી હતી કે, હિંદમાતાની કુખેથી જોઈતા નરવીરો મળ્યા જ કરશે. એવા આપણે સૌ બનવા મથીને આ વીર દેશભક્તનું તર્પણ કરી શકીએ. તેઓતો અત્યારે એમના મહાદેવ અને બા બાપુની પાસે, જેમ જેલમાં જોડે હતા તેમ, અનંતતાની કેદમાં પહોચી ગયા હશે. અને ત્યાં રહ્યા એમેય કદાચ પુછતા હોય, કેદમાં તમે દુનિયા પર રહેલા છો કે અમે? એમનો જીવનપાઠ યાદ કરીએ તો સરદાર સદાય આપણી પાસે જ છે. એ પાઠ આપીને સરદાર અમર થયા છે.

તેમના અવસાનથી હિંદની પ્રગતિમાં એક જબરદસ્ત ફટકો લાગ્યો છે. માંડ માંડ મહાત્માની ખોટથી થયેલ આઘાતમાંથી હિંદની પ્રજા હજુ ઉભી થઈ શકી છે ત્યાંતો સરદાર, જેઓ તેમની ખોટ સુંદર રીતે પુરી કરી રહ્યા હતા અને પ્રેમપુર્વક દેશને એક આકાર આપી રહ્યા હતા તેમને પણ ઈશ્વરે છીનવી લીધા. આધુનિક ઈતિહાસથી જેઓ વાકેફ છે તેઓ સારી રીતે જાણે છે કે છેલ્લા પાંત્રીસ વર્ષથી સરદારે દેશની અથાગ સેવાઓ બજાવી છે, ધીરજ, હીંમત, દ્રઢતા, ગમે તેવી પરીસ્થિતીમાં મગજનું સમતોલપણું, તીક્ષ્ણ બુધ્ધી, સ્પષ્ટવકતા, ગંભીરતા અને છતાં અતિ રમુજી સ્વભાવ, કે જેણે ગાંધીજીને અનેકવાર પેટ દુ:ખે ત્યાં સુધી હસાવ્યા હતા, એ સઘળા અને બીજા અનેક સરદાર પટેલના અગ્રગણ્ય ગુણો હતા. તેમની પ્રથમ મહાન સિધ્ધીઓ ખેડા અને બારડોલીમાં થઈ હતી, જ્યાં જાતે ખેડુત વર્ગના હોઈ, તેઓએ, બ્રિટિશ સરકાર તરફથી ખેડુતો પર અમાનુષી જમીન મહેસુલ નાખી તેઓની કાયમની કંગાલ દશા કરી મુકવામાં આવી હતી, તેની સામે અહિંસક મુક્તિસંગ્રામ કરી તેમાં વિજય પ્રાપ્ત કર્યો હતો. તેમની વાણીમાં તો મરેલ માણસને પણ જાગ્રુત કરીદે તેટલું જોર હતું. અને આખા ગુજરાતે તેમને સરદારનો ઈલ્કાબ આપ્યો હતો. આજે પણ તેમને સરદાર તરીકે જ ઓળખીએ છીએ.

અમદાવાદની મ્યુનીસીપાલીટીના પ્રમુખ તરીકે તેમણે પોતાની અજબ વહીવટશક્તિ બતાવી આપી હતી. શહેરમાં તેમણે એટલા સુધારા કર્યા કે બ્રિટીશ રાજ્યમાં જે એક નરક સમાન હતું તેને માનવ વસવાટને લાયક શહેર બની ગયું હતું. સરકાર સામે જ્યારે જ્યારે ઝુંબેશ ઉઠાવવાનો પ્રસંગ આવેલો ત્યારે એ કાર્ય સફળતાથી પાર પાડવા ગાંધીજી સરદાર પર પુર્ણ વિશ્વાસ રાખતા હતા. સરદાર પટેલના કાર્યોની ખ્યાતી તો એટલી હતીકે ઈંગ્લેંડથી બ્રિટીશ સરકાર પણ આ સરદાર કોણ છે? તેની તપાસ કરવા માટે બ્રિટીશ સરકાર ભારતમાં પત્રો લખીને તપાસ કરાવેલ.

૧૯૪૨માં કસોટીનો ખરેખરો વખત આવ્યો, જ્યારે આખા દેશમાં ત્રાસ પ્રવર્તન ચાલ્યું અને દેશના નેતાને વગર તપાસે કેદખાનામાં પુરી દેવામાં આવ્યા. સરદાર વલ્લભભાઈ પટેલની દ્રઢતા જેવીને તેવીજ રહી. તેમની ઉમર તથા કેદમાં સખત જીવન ગાળવું પડેલું હોવાથી તેમની તંદુરસ્તી ઉપર ખુબજ માઠી અસર થઈ હતી. પરંતુ તેમના લોખંડી મનોબળ, કાર્યશૈલી તથા હિંમતની સાચી પરીક્ષા તો હજુ થવાની બાકી હતી. તેમાં પણ તેઓ પાર ઉતર્યા કે મહાન બ્રિટીશ સલ્તનતના ભડવીરોને તાજુબી થયા વિન નહી રહી હોય. ૧૯૪૭માં બ્રિટીશ સરકારે છેવટે હિંદ છોડી જવાનો ઠરાવ કર્યો. પરંતુ છોડતાં પહેલાં તેણે હિંદને શક્ય હોય તેટલું નુક્સાન કર્યુ અને તેના ટુકડે ટુકડા થાય તેમ કરવાને માત્ર નીચે દારૂગોળો જ મુકવાનો બાકી રખ્યો હતો. તેમની તો એટલી ખાત્રી હતી કે જો આમ થાય તો છ મહીનામાં હિંદ બ્રિટીશ સરકારને રાજ પાછું સોંપવાને મજબુર થઈ પગે પડતું આવશે. બસો વર્ષની કારકીર્દીમાં હિંદને છિન્નભિન્ન કરી નાખ્યુ હતું. અને એથી જ ચારસો દેશી રાજ્યોમાં ભાગલા પાડવામાં આવેલ હતા, અને દેશી રજવાડાઓ બ્રિટીશરોને જ વફાદાર રહેવા માટે એક વણલખી ફરજ પાડેલ હતી. એજ કારણથી હિંદુ અને મુસ્લીમ વચ્ચે કોમી ભાગલા અને જાતી અને જ્ઞાતી ભેદોને પોષવામાં આવી રહ્યા હતા. જતાં જતાં બ્રિટીશ સરકારે હિંદના પણ ભાગલા કરવામાં કાંઈ બાકી રાખ્યું નહોતું. અને જેના પરીણામ રૂપે હિંદ અને પાકિસ્તાનના ભાગલા પડ્યા.

સરદાર પુર્ણ યશસ્વીરીતે ઝળકી રહ્યા હતા તે વખતે જવાહરલાલ જેવા નેતાઓ પણ ઢીલા પડી ગયા ત્યારે સરદાર પટેલ એકલા જ પર્વતની દ્રઢતાથી પરીસ્થિતીનો સામનો કરવા ઉભા રહેલા હ્રદય લોહીના આસું પાડી રહ્યું હતુ અને તેમ છતાં તેઓની આંખોમાં જરાય પણ ઉદાસીનતા જોવા મળતી ન હતી કદાચ આ ઉદાસીનતાનો ભાસ ભારતના લોકોને ન થાય એટલે જ તેઓ પોતાના આસુંઓ ને વહેવા નહોતા દેતા. હિંદનો નાશ કરવાના બ્રિટીશ સરકારના દરેક કાવતરાને પોતાની કુનેહથી તોડતા ગયા અને દેશના સમગ્ર રજવાડાઓને સમજાવટથી હિંદમાં જોડાવા માટે રાજી કર્યા. અને હિંદ એક સંયુક્ત દેશ બની ગયો. આવા સરદાર હતા આપણા જેમની ખોટ આજે પણ વર્તાય છે.

સત્યાગ્રહો વખતે તેમણે દેશને પ્રેરણા આપનારા કેટલાક ટુચકાઓ કહ્યા તેમાના અમુકતો એવા છે કે જે વાંચીને પણ આપણા રોમ રોમમાં દેશ માટે લડવા તૈયાર થઈ જાય એવા છે...

સત્તાધીશોની સત્તા તેમના મ્રુત્યુ સાથે જ સમાપ્ત થાય છે. જ્યારે મહાન દેશ ભક્તોની સત્તા તેમના મ્રુત્યુ પછીથી જ ખરો અમલ ચલાવે છે.

બે ટીપાં ગંગાજળ નાખવાથી ગટર પવિત્ર નહી બને... પ્રજાની ઉન્નતીનો આધાર તેની હિંમત

તેના ચારિત્ર

અને તેની ભોગ આપવાની શક્તિ ઉપર રહેલ છે.

જુલ્મી રાજનીતીના અમલદારોની દેખરેખ નીચે જે શિક્ષણ અપાય છે તે લેવું તમારે બંધ કરવું જોઈએ. એમાંજ તમારૂ સ્વમાન જળવાયેલું રહેશે. એવા શિક્ષણથી તમારૂ કશુ ભલુ નથી થવાનું. તમારે સાહસીક થવાનું છે. બધા કરતા દેશના શ્રેયનો આધાર તમારાજ સાહસ પર રહેલો છે. દેશને સ્વતંત્ર બનાવવા તમેજ મદદ કરી શકશો.

TODAY THAT DAY : 09 DECEMBER 1947

INDIA AND PAKISTAN AGREE

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Deputy Prime Minister of India, told the Constituent Assembly in New Delhi to-day that complete agreement had been reached between the Dominion of India and Pakistan on all outstanding issues relating to partition, including those affecting the armed forces.

Nottingham Evening Post - Tuesday, December 9, 1947

TODAY THAT DAY : 07 DECEMBER 1946

CRISIS MAY BE POSTPONED

Political circles in New Delhi were not surprised by the inconclusive results of the London talks. One Congress spokesman said that a crisis may be postponed for some months, which would provide yet another opportunity for a settlement.

Vallabhbhai Patel "Strong Man" of the Indian Congress, declared to-day he felt certain that as soon as vital Moslem interests are at stake, the Moslem League will enter the Constitutional Assembly.

THE YORKSHIRE EVENING POST - SATURDAY, DECEMBER 7, 1947

THE LEADER

Saturday, October 15, 1949

The greatest chastisement that a man may receive who hath outraged another, is to have done the outrage; and there is no man so rudely punished as he that is subject to the whip of his own repentance. SENECA.

G L O R I O U S REVOLUTION

The highlight of the proceedings of the Constituent Assembly on Wednesday was Sardar Patel's speech on the "bloodless revolution" in the states. The British ruling classes have rendered many and grave disservices to India during their regime in this country. Their last disservice before their departure from India was the enunciation of the doctrine of lapse of paramountcy. According to this doctrine, each one of the states in India became an independent kingdom on August 15, 1947. If this doctrine had been carried out, India would have been ruined. In unity lies strength. The doctrine of lapse implied India's fragmentation. There are about 600 states in India. If every one of the 600 states had become independent, the result would have been chaos. Sardar Patel averted this disaster.

Sardar Patel's achievement has surprised both friends and foes. British political officers who had been inciting the rulers of states against the Congress left India full of hope that not one of the states would accede to the Indian Union. But a miracle happened. Before the first contingent of ex-British bureaucrats reached Aden on their way to England, the majority of states had acceded to the Indian Union.

But Sardar Patel realized that accession was not enough. The instruments of accession executed by the rulers provided for the accession of states to the Indian Union on only three subjects, namely defence, external affairs and communications. The administration of the states was inefficient and corrupt and the establishment of modern standards of administration was beyond their means. What was needed besides accession was the consolidation of states into sizable administrative units. This reform has been carried out. The states, with the exception of half-a-dozen, have merged either in unions of states or in provinces. Today the relations of the Central Government with the states are the same as those with the provinces not only in respect of defence, external affairs and communications, but in respect of defence, external affairs and communications, but in respect of all subjects. In other words, India is one.

It is remarkable fact that in spite of the efforts of British Political officers to alienate the princes from Indian National leaders, the process of unification was carried out with the support and cooperation of the people and the rulers of the states. Sardar Patel encountered opposition in very few states. The Nawab of Junagarh who had promised to accede to India broke his promise and surreptitiously acceded to Pakistan. But he had reckoned without his host. The people who wanted that Junagarh should accede to India rose in revolt and the Nawab fled Junagarh and took refuge in Pakistan. The Nawab of Bhopal acceded to India but he insisted that the state must retain its autonomy. In plain words, he wanted to remain in feudal chief. He announced a scheme of constitutional reforms. The people rejected the scheme. The reforms were a farce. The people wanted integration. The Nawab argued that the agitation for the merger of Bhopal was ill-timed and, therefor, ill-advised and, that the people would do well to realize the complications inherent in the situation. The people were not impressed by the argument. They replied that no complications arose when states bigger than Bhopal merged in the Madhya Bharat and that a voluntary surrender of his power would conduce to the Nawab's own interests. "Remember Junagarh", they said. The warning had the desired effect.

The States Ministry had to face opposition in Hyderabad owing to the fact that power in that state had been captured by a party of Fascists who called themselves Razakars. They declared Hyderabad an independent state. They received encouragement and support from Pakistan. But as the Razakars were hated by the people, the Indian army was able to occupy Hyderabad and free the Nizam from the clutches of the Razakars without much difficulty. Hyderabad is now as much a part of India as, say, Mysore. In fact, Hyderabad had never been independent during the last 200 years. The rulers of Pakistan supported the Razakars because they were interested in India's disruption. Kashmir acceded to India about two years ago. But Pakistanis argued that because the majority of the population of the state is Muslim, therefore, Kashmir should accede to Pakistan. Pakistanis invaded Kashmir and tried to occupy it by force. The invasion was a total failure. The Pakistanis who had invaded the beautiful Valley full of hopes of loot and victory, received a good beating. The Pakistanis may prevent a free and impartial plebiscite being held for sometime, but Sheikh Abdullah has demolished the two-nation theory and the accession of Kashmir to Pakistan is out of question. No Country ever witnessed such a glorious revolution. We achieved not only independence but we achieved, as Sardar Patel said, "The great ideal of geographical, political and economic unification of India an ideal which for centuries remained a distant dream and which appeared as remote and as difficult of attainment as ever even after the advent of Indian independence." The achievement is the result mainly of the efforts of Sardar Patel.. MAY HE LIVE LONG.

TODAY THAT DAY : 29 NOVEMBER 1933

MRS. GANDHI AGAIN ARRESTED

Disregards Magistrate's Warning.

Mrs. Gandhi was arrested this afternoon at Nadiad Railway Station, near here, while on her way to the village of Ras, where she announced she proposed to participate in civil disobedience. This makes the sixth time Mrs. Gandhi has been arrested within the last two years. She was to-day accompanied by the daughter of Mr. Vallabhbhai Patel, a leader of Congress and an intimate friend of Mr. Gandhi, who was also arrested.

The two were brought before the local magistrate, to whom they declared that they were on their way to Ras to conduct Congress propaganda. The magistrate thereupon served notices upon the two women requiring them not to participate in civil disobedience and to leave the Kaira district forthwith.

When they refused to comply with these orders Mrs. Gandhi and her companion were taken into custody.

THE NORTHERN WHIG AND BELFAST POST, Wednesday, November 29, 1933

TODAY THAT DAY : 26 NOVEMBER 1924

SWARAJIST DISCOURTESY

At a meeting of the Bombay Municipal Corporation Mr. V. J. Patel the Swarajist president announced that he had declined invitations to public functions arranged in the honor of the forthcoming visit of the Viceroy. "In accordance with his convictions and without meaning disrespect to the Viceroy as representative of the King." - (Reuter)

TODAY THAT DAY : 26 NOVEMBER 1947

HYDERABAD "POLITICAL WONDERLAND"

Moslem Ruler Wants State to be Third Dominion

From ALAN MOOREHEAD, "THE SCOTSMAN" SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT

Hyderabad, Tuesday. Hyderabad is a State one half the size of France with a population of 18,000,000 and a treasure in gold, money, and precious stones which is vaguely estimated at £400,000,000,000. The destiny of the State, the people, and the treasure is at this moment being decided in circumstances which one can only describe as haphazard, confused, and full of oriental mysticism.

Alone of all the Indian States Hyderabad has not acceded to either Pakistan of the Indian Union. It is the largest, the richest, and the most powerful State. And yet there is no British representative whatever here or, for that matter, the representative of any other foreign Power.

Hyderabad has no elected Government. The Opposition is in prison. It governs itself through an ancient feudal monarchy and a British political machine which has now been left running on its own momentum, unsupported, in a void. It is a political wonderland of a kind spectacular even for Asia.

The way of the visiting newspaper correspondent is not easy. HE arrives to find a country which is outwardly more prosperous and tranquil than almost any other in India. These quiet streets are the negation of crisis Neither in the bazaars nor in the Government buildings would you ever guess that Hyderabad is struggling for its existence and even mobilising in a vague sort of way against a possible invasion.

ALL POWERFUL NIZAM

The stranger is received with nothing but kindness. It is only when he begins to make inquiries about what is happening that the facts seem to evaporate in front of him; and presently he begins to realise that no official here can speak with authority, that the only real controller of events is the Moslem ruler himself, His Exalted Highness the Nizam.

And the Nizam is at prayers. He will remain at prayers, mourning the death of the grandson of the Prophet throughout the remainder of this week and part of next week as well. Everything stops for Mohurram, which is the most solemn observance of the Mohammedan Year.

The truth is, of course, that all this State is gripped by the long habit of obedience, of eventless days endlessly repeating themselves as inevitable a Royal house which has ruled in peace for two hundred years.

When the policemen's whistles blow sharply in the streets and the Nizam, a thin and lonely little man in an old hat, comes blowing along in a very old motor car on his way to the Mosque, when one roads on civic buildings "His Exalted Highness's Post office" or "His Exalted Highness's Bank" or "By His Exalted Highness's permission" when one sees the special Hyderabad stamps and the special currency notes when one hears stories of fabulous rooms at the Palace filled with sacks of slowly-decaying pearls guarded by 1500 Arab tribesmen-one must realise that all this has obtained the complete and apathetic acceptance of the people because thins have always been like this.

The modern read London buses, the excellent airport, the telephones, and the clean paved streets are simply a twentieth-century incrustation.

In Hyderabad every other day is a wedding or festival, a mourning or a funeral in the strict Wordsworthian sense; this sets the pace of life. These are the real things. The rest is a matter for the Nizam and for God.

CASE FOR INDEPENDENCE

Nevertheless, it is possible with patience to extract the fact of Hyderabad's case for independence. My authorities for what follows are a number of official letters which passed between Earl Mountbatten and the Nizam, and a talk with Nawab Moin Nawaz Jung, the State's chief negotiator, just before he left for Delhi this week in a last attempt to reach an understanding with Pandit Nehru - Prime Minster of the Dominion of India and Mr. Vallabhbhai Patel (Sardar Patel) Minister for Home and the States.

Hyderabad is different from every other Indian States because it is large and rich - larger and richer than most of the members of the United Nations-because it has a separate treaty with Britain, because it is an island of law and order on this continent, and because 80% of its inhabitants are Hindus and 20% Moslems.

In these circumstances it wishes to remain independent as a third Dominion in India. It is quite prepared, however, to fuse its economy, its defence, its communications, and its foreign policy with India. The only thing it will not give up is its sovereignty. It will not place itself under the entire control of the Government in Delhi.

Hyderabad to go on quoting the official case is being threatened and bullied by Delhi. A blockade, especially in petrol has begun. Indian troops are gathering on its borders in a menacing fashion. It has been deserted by Britain. It can get nothing out of Earl Mountbatten in Delhi but the repeated advice "You should accede to the Dominion of India." And Mr. Vallabhbhai Patel (Sardar Patel) keeps making threatening speeches.

All this is unethical and unfair. It would be tedious to go into all the rebuttals of these points, all the devious negotiations which have dragged on between Hyderabad and Delhi for the last four months.

They even exhausted the powers of Sir Walter Monckton, the Nizam's legal adviser Sir Walter has returned to England.

What the Nizam is endeavouring to patch up now is a compromise, a standstill agreement which will preserve the status quo for another twelve months but this will solve nothing.

THE REAL ISSUES

To an outsider the real issues appear to be those of force. The Nizam, his ancestors, and a small group of Moslems have maintained power in this Hindu State since the eighteenth century, and they do not want to give it up. They cannot be independent because they have no ports and no effective army. They cannot accede to Pakistan because Pakistan is far away. They observe that the Indian Army has got itself heavily involved in Kashmir and it gives them some hope that they can go on playing for time.

To put it bluntly, the Nizam's best chance lies in the India and Pakistan so weakening them selves by quarreling with one another that they will leave Hyderabad alone.

In many ways one must sympathise with him. He feels, no doubt that the Delhi Government is a ramshackle structure full of political arrivists, communists, and other dangerous cranks.

Why should he surrender to them? Why throw away the traditions and dignities of two hundred years? What guarantees will be given? How shall his treasure be guarded? Will not riots break out between Moslem and Hindu once his power is gone? In the end will he not be forced to abdicate? Why have the British deserted him?

There can be only the gloomiest answers to these questions. And that is why Hyderabad is so peaceful this morning. It is the peace of intense anxiety.

Architect of Swaraj - 6

It was too much even for Gandhi. He wrote to Nehru, the Congress President, while forwarding the award, "It is my view that by his conduct in this matter, Nariman has proved himself unfit to hold any responsible position." Nehru placed the award before the Working Committee which resolved, "The Committee are of the opinion that in view of the findings in this report, and his (Nariman's) acceptance of them and his subsequent recalcitrance, his conduct has been such as to prove him unworthy of holding any position of trust and responsibility in the Congress organization."

Now let us turn to the Khare episode. Dr. Narayan Bhaskar Khare was the Chief Minister of Central Provinces. C. P. comprised Hindi Speaking and Marathi speaking areas. Soon after the Ministry was formed three ministers, namely D. P. Misra, R. S. Shukla and D. K. Mehta withheld their co-operation to their leader Dr. Khare. They charged some of the Ministers of Dr. Khare's cabinet of corruption and nepotism and submitted their resignations. Sardar Patel, however, intervened. He called a meeting on 24th May, 1931 at Panchmarhi and succeeded in resolving their differences. But these again came to the surface and the three Ministers continued to send complaints against Dr. Khare to Patel. They also withheld their co-operation to their leader. Dr. Khare asked them to resign but they refused. Then he tendered his resignation hoping that they too would resign but still they refused to resign. So the Governor asked for their resignations and when they refused their services were terminated. Next day the Governor invited Dr. Khare to form a Government which he did.

Constitutionally Dr. Khare did not do anything undemocratic and the action of the Governor was also not unjust. But the Congress Working Committee took exception to it. The Committee called Dr. Khare and held him guilty of approaching the Governor without first approaching the Congress Working Committee. He was also taken to Gandhi. Khare agreed to resign but declared his intention to contest for the leadership of the Party. This was not acceptable to the Working Committee and Gandhi who held him guilty. The Working Committee and the instance of Patel resolved that Dr. Khare was unworthy to hold any position in the Congress.

In 1939 the Second World War had started. In July, 1940 the position of England had become precarious. The Congress Working Committee offered their help to Britain if India was promised independence after the War. This, however, was not acceptable to Gandhi and he parted company with the Congress. This idea of conditional help was that of Rajaji and Sardar was its firm supporter. Patel had undergo mental anguish. On the one side was his loyalty to Gandhi and on the other side was his faith that non-violence would be of no avail in War time. But the Britishers had no mind to give freedom to India. They told the Congress to settle with the League. The Congress approached the League again and again got and a rebuff from Jinnah.

After the failure of Cripps Mission the Congress passed a resolution calling for the Britishers to quite India. The resolution was passed on the midnight of 8th August 1942 by the All - India Congress committee at Bombay. The resolution sought the withdrawal of British rule from India as an urgent necessity both for India and for the success of the cause of United Kingdom. As anticipated by Sardar Patel, a few hours after the resolution was passed the Government arrested all the important leaders of the Congress.

Lord Wavell, who had replaced Lord Linlithgow, was sympathetic to India. His first step in this direction was the release of all political leaders. He invited a conference of 21 leaders from all parties at Simla. The Conference met at Simla on June 25, 1945. Sardar Patel went to Simla but did not participate in the Conference.

The Conference failed because of Mr. Jinnah. Sardar Patel was unhappy over the failure of the Congress was outlawed Jinnah had used all his energy in strengthening his party. And it had become so powerful that Jinnah had acquired the power of veto in political matters.

India's chances, however, brightened when the Labour Government came to power on July 26, 1945. The Labour Government lost no time and on 19th September, 1945 the Prime Minister Clement Attlee announced that provincial autonomy would be restored to India after the elections, a Constituent Assembly would be set up as soon as possible to frame out future constitution and the Viceroy's Council would be reconstituted in consultation with the principal Indian Parties. This announcement was joyously greeted and the people felt that for the first time Government meant business. Both the Congress and the League started campaigning for the ensuing elections.

TO BE CONTINUE…..

Courtesy : ARCHITECT OF SWARAJ
Page – 88-89

Architect of Swaraj – 5

At the Congress session Gandhi announced his decision to resign from the Congress. This decision of Gandhi came as a shock to all the Congress workers. C. Rajagopalachari, Abul Kalam Azad and others appealed to Gandhi to reconsider his decision. Surprisingly, when all were appealing to Gandhi not to leave the Congress, Patel was the only person who supported his decision. On hearing him C. Rajagopalachari remarked, "Gandhiji has many blind followers who will not see anything with their own eyes but only with his. But Sardar Patel is a class by himself as a blind follower. His eyes are clear and bright. He can see everything but he deliberately allows his eyes to be blinded and attempts to see only with Gandhiji's eyes."

Once the Congress had decided to contest the elections, a Parliamentary Sub-Committee was set up with Sardar Patel as Chairman and Rajendra Prasad and Maulana Azad as Members. Patel was entrusted with the task of selecting the right candidates for the ensuing elections. This he did without fear and favour. He disappointed many personal friends and became very unpopular. He was charged with being a Fascist, a Hitler and even a Super Hitler. Some people even asserted that Patel had called himself a Super Hitler. But Patel remained undaunted by these attacks. He simply explained that he had laid down some criteria and that they would be scrupulously adhered to.

Shri C. Rajagopalachari photographed with Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. April 28, 1950.[/caption]

Patel also organised a campaign to educate the voters in the value of the vote. The prestige of the Congress was at stake. The Government felt that Congressmen were no longer popular with the masses. Patel was confident of his State - Gujarat. So he devoted all his time and energy to other states. And the results of the 1937 elections were an eye opener. The Congress had swept the polls. In five out of eleven provinces Madras, Bihar, Central Provinces, United Provinces and Orissa - The Congress won and absolute majority. In four states, i.e., N.W.F.P., Bombay, Bengal and Assam it was the largest single party. Only in Punjab and Sind was it in a minority.

The formation of Congress Ministries led to some internal problems of discipline and it led to two episodes - Nariman episode in Bombay and Khare episode in Central Provinces. K.F. Nariman was a well known congressman of Bombay. He was also the President of Bombay Provincial Congress Committee and it was expected that he would be the elected leader of the Congress Party in the legislature. But he was passed over for leadership in favour of B. G. Kher, may be because Nariman had badly let down the Congress in the previous election. Nariman was shocked.

The episode would have ended there had not some Parsi owned newspapers of Bombay taken up the cause of Nariman. The Bombay Samachar and the Sentinel openly wrote that Nariman had been passed over because Patel "brought to bear improper pressure on Members of the Legislature to reject him."

The Press published Nariman's grievances and led a malicious campaign against Patel. Nariman wrote to Jawaharlal Nehru who was the President of the Congress for that year to intervene. Nehru replied to him that he was prepared to place his case before the Working Committee. But Nariman felt that the decisions of the Working Committee would not be impartial. To this Nehru replied rather sternly that "since the Working Committee unfortunately does not enjoy your confidence, you can go to the Privy Council or League of Nations or any other tribunal in which you have confidence." After receiving this rather stiff letter Nariman turned to Gandhi. During his time he was issuing many statements and the Press was carrying on propaganda against Patel. It was even mentioned that Nariman was dropped for he was a Parsi.

Gandhi wanted to end this controversy and wrote to Nariman that he and D. N. Bahadurji were prepared to arbitrate if the tribunal was acceptable to him. Nariman agreed to it. There were two different matters to be enquired into :

Nariman's conduct and attitude in 1934 election.

Election of leader to Bombay Parliamentary Party in March 1937.

The award or the tribunal was "that the charge against Mr. Nariman in respect of the election of 1934 is proved and the charge made by Mr. Nariman against Sardar Patel is not proved." When the award was shown to Nariman by Gandhi he accepted it. But a week later he rejected the award and said that he had signed it at a time of mental depression.

TO BE CONTINUE…..

Courtesy : ARCHITECT OF SWARAJ
Page – 86-87

Architect of Swaraj – 4

He accepted the invitation only when pressed by Gandhi. Many talukas of Maharashtra were threatened with increase in land revenue and the people sought the opinion of Vallabhbhai Patel. He told them plainly that such campaigns could be successful if the peasants had no fear of the Government and were prepared to suffer.

Next Patel was invited by C. Rajagopalachari to be the President of Tamil Nadu Political Conference. Sensing the reluctance of Vallabhbhai Patel, he requested Gandhi to intervene. Sardar agreed at the instance of Gandhi. The Conference was held at Vedaranyam in August. After the Conference he toured along with Rajaji all over the province and spoke in every village he visited. In almost all his speeches he stressed the need for constructive work and the futility of shouting slogans, passing resolutions and making speeches. He asked the people to unite and forget their quarrels and bickerings. And when he noticed the controversy between the Brahmins and the non-Brahmins in that province, he was greatly perturbed and said, "Why are you so envious of Brahmins ? What harm have they done ? Do you not know what harm those other Brahmins (the British) have done both to you and to these Brahmins ? Those people have come from 5.000 miles to rule over this country and have become the real" Brahmins. They have no caste and yet both you and the Brahmins worship them as if they were Brahmins."

From Tamil Nad Patel went to Karnatak at the instance of Gangadhar Rao Deshpande who was trying hard to establish a Peasant League there. In all he addressed ten meetings. The main theme of these speeches was that people should give up the fear of Government officers and of jails. He exhorted them to give up foreign cloth and drink and petty quarrels.

When he was delivering these speeches Gangadhar Rao felt as if B.G. Tilak himself was speaking. Earlier, Rajaji too had felt like that. After Karnatak, Patel toured Bihar for about a fortnight. He was pained to see the peasants suffering endlessly at the bands of zamindars.

Asking them not to fear death, he said, "Why are you afraid of death? Is the zamindar immortal? One has to die but once. But it is neither for the Government nor the zamindar to say when you are to die. That is in the hands of God."At a meeting he castigated the people of Bihar for having kept their women in purdah. He said "Are you not ashamed that you keep your women in Purdah? Who are these ladies. Your mothers, your sisters, your wives. Do you really believe that only by keeping them in Purdah you can look after their chastity?" He further added, "If I could I would say to these ladies: Rather than be wives to such cowardly husbands, divorce them."

Patel's tours proved very useful. Everywhere he exhorted people to face tyranny and become fearless and thus prepared the masses for the next satyagraha. It also made Patel very popular. When the Lahore session of the Indian National Congress was to be held he was tipped for Presidentship. But he politely declined the offer as Mahatma Gandhi wanted Jawaharlal Nehru to be the President. So Jawaharlal Nehru was elected President though ten provinces had recommended the name of Patel and only three had recommended the name of Nehru.

Patel was not tempted by the lure of office. He devoted his time and energy to educating the people for the forthcoming Civil Disobedience Movement. Gandhi was to commence his Satyagraha March on 12th March from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi along with 78 other followers. Patel was going ahead of Gandhi to rouse the people and prepare them for Civil Disobedience. He told them not to be afraid of jails, not to join the struggle in large numbers and to fill the prisons. When he had gone to address one such meeting at Ras on March 7, he was restrained by Magistrate from addressing the meeting. As he insisted on making the speech he was arrested before he had uttered a sentence and was sentenced to three months and there weeks imprisonment. Patel was released on 26th June and again devoted his time to infusing new spirit in the people. He told them that they would feel more happy in such times to be inside the jail than outside. Patel was again arrested on 1st August for participating in procession to mark Tilak's death anniversary. He was released in November, 1930 and was served with a prohibitory order against making speeches. He delivered a harmless speech on the opening of a khadi bhandar at Bombay. This was quite a good excuse for the Government and they arrested him and sentenced him to 9 months imprisonment. But before he could complete his term he was released in March along with other members of the Congress Working Committee so that they could be in Delhi for consultation with Gandhi who was holding talks with the Viceroy. The outcome of these talks was the Gandhi Irwin pact which was signed on 5th March. According to this Pact, all political prisoners were released. The Congress agreed to take part in the Second Round Table Conference and called off the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Patel become the President of the Congress session which was held in Karachi at the end of March, 1931. The youth of the country were agitated, for, a day before the Congress session commenced, Bhagat Singh had been executed with his two associate, Raj Guru and Sukhdeo for having murdered a police officer, Mr. Saunders. Bhagat Singh was at that time at the pinnacle of his glory and people had asked Gandhi to exercise his influence with the Viceroy and save his life. Gandhi had tried his best but failed. People resented this and asked Gandhi how, if he could not save Bhagat Singh, he could expect to gain anything with his non-violence.

In his presidential address which was brief, concise and to the point, he said, "You have called a simple farmer to the highest office to which any Indian can aspire."

The most difficult task of the session was to get the Gandhi Irwin Pact approved. Patel told the youth that he was aware that many young friends were deeply hurt by this agreement. He assured them that "if nothing comes out of the Conference the struggle would be resumed. That might mean that we allow six months to slip away." He counselled patience to the youth and said, "Gandhiji is now almost 63 years old, I am 56. Should we, the old,be anxious for Independence or you, the young? because we are interested in seeing India Independent before we die, it is we who are far more anxious, and in a greater hurry than you--why all this impatience."

The young men saw reason and passed the resolution approving Gandhi-Irwin Pact. Strangely enough, Jawaharlal Nehru, who was deadly against this pact, himself moved the resolution. Thus ended the Karachi Session.

As anticipated, nothing came out of the Round Table Conference. Gandhi returned to India on 28th December, 1931 and found that repressive measures had been started in his absence. Both Gandhi and Patel were arrested in Bombay on 4th January, 1932 and both were lodged together in Yeravda Jail.

When Patel was in jail a conference was held at Delhi by the Congress leaders who favoured Council-entry under the chairmanship of Dr. Ansari. Gandhi did not want to stand in their way and issued a statement on 7th April, 1934 suspending Civil Disobedience Movement. Once the Movement was suspended the Government gave up repressive measures and released all political prisoners and also lifted the ban on the Congress.

TO BE CONTINUE…..

Courtesy : ARCHITECT OF SWARAJ

Page – 83-85

TODAY THAT DAY : 18 NOVEMBER 1940

India Congress Leader's Arrest

Ahmedabad, Sunday.

Mr. Vallabhbhai Patel, chairman of All-India Congress Parliamentary Committee, was arrested today under the Defence Rules.,

It had been reported on Saturday that Mr. Patel was to court arrest by resorting to "Civil Disobedience" by any-war activities.--Reuter.

TODAY THAT DAY : 15 NOVEMBER 1930

DELHI NEWSPAPERS RAIDED

Several police raids were made on Congress premises in Delhi yesterday and property and pamphlets were seized (reports the British United Press)

The branch offices of the India National Congress, the Women's Congress offices, the offices of the "Hindustan Times" and those of the Jawahar Press, as well as the residences of the editor and publisher of the newspapers, were visited and 2,000 copies of a pamphlet were seized.

This pamphlet was entitled "Eight Week's Interlude," and was written by Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru, former President of the Indian National Congress, who had been prosecuted for his activities in the passive resistance movement.

Kharak Bahadur Singh, who was with Gandhi in the raid on the Dharsana salt pans, was arrested at the railway station while on his way to meet Mr. Vallabhai Patel at Ahmedabad

THE MEDICAL AMMENDMENT BILL

We are really sorry that the BIll to amend the Medical Registration Act, which tbe Hon. Mr. V. J. Patel introduced in the Bombay' Legislative Council, was thrown ont on its first reading. The voting was 20 for and 24 against the Bill. A rather amusing incident occurred when the Council passed to the next item of business. Mr. Patel asked the PresIdent whether the three gentlemen who had been appointed to the Council as “experts" for the special purpose of the Medical Bill, were entitled to take part in tbe other business before the Counctl. His Excellency replied that they were not, and the three gentlemen had to make a hasty exit from the Council Chamber. But for tbese three gentlemen,
the majority against Mr. Patel's Bill would have been only one. The position of the “expert" nominated in such circumstances is somewhat ridiculous, and we hope that, in future, whenever "experts" are appointed, it may be possible to so arrange things as to enable them to make their exit in a less conspicnous manner. We have beard some flippant Similes regarding the part of the three medical "experts" at the legislatIve fanction in connection with the Medical Bill, and it is due to the gentlemen whom Government are pleased to honour in that way that they should not be exposed to cheap raillery. The provision in Mr. Patel's Bill which evoked opposition was that which sought to exclude expressly the study, practice, management of institutions, and professional association with practitioners, of “the Ayorvedic, Unani, or other indigenous systems of medicine," from the category of “infamous conduct" under the Act. The Medical Council in Bombay seems to have taken action against a gentleman who conducts an Ayurvedic College for "infamons conduct," and the Bill sought to provide against similar contingencies in future. Sir Mahadev Chaubal’s argument that there is an appeal against the Medical Council’s decision to Government, and against Government’s decision to the High Court, is not to the point which is that it is improper for a body of medical men exclusively of one school, organised under the auspices of and subsidised by Government, to declare it “infamous” conduct on the part of any medical man even to associate as a consultant with an Ayurvedic or Unani practitioner. “Infamous” of course, has a technical significance, but even so, if this pretension does not mean that the Ayurvedic and Unani doctors are to be ragarded as “untonchables” and pariahs of the profession, we do not know what it does mean. The phrase “or other indigenous systems of medicine” was, of course vague and lent itself easily to attack. Sir Mahadev Chaubal took advantage of it and raised, or attempted to raise, a laugh in the Council by referring to naka dolacha vaidya, wayside eye doctors, who, according to the Hon. Member, swarmed about the gates of Government House in Poona, as likely to be included in Mr. Patel’s category. If it is the fact that these vaidyas haunt the road near Government House, His Excellency, with his constant consideration for those needing help, as splendidly illustrated by his placing Government House at Mahableshwar at disposal of the families of officers who have gone to the front, will, perhaps, consider the desirability of establishing an eye hospital or dispensary in the neighbourhood of Government House whose splendours would seem to have an injurious effect on the eyes of those who frequent its vicinity. If Sir Mahadev had been less anxious to score a superficial point, and more desirous of helping to improve this piece of entirely reasonable legislation, he might have suggested to Mr. Patel, in Select Committee, to insert the word “recognised” in the loosely-worded phrase. “Other recognised indigenous systems,” will mean systems which have a literature behind them, and which are taught and learnt in a systematic manner. The result of the voting in the Council on Mr. Patel’s Bill is to leave matters worse than they were before it was introduced. The Ayurvedic and Unani systems have been pronounced by several speakers, official and other, to be quackery. The average man, no doubt, will still prefer to be healed by a quack to die unattended out of deference to the susceptibilities of the Medical Council. He will not be deterred by the verdict of the Council from resorting to the practitioner who can treat his ailments at a charge within his means. We have ourselves known at least one case, for which practitioners of the official system could do nothing, so thoroughly cured by an indigenous doctor (a Mahomedan) that subsequest of medical examination by the official doctors failed to reveal the least trace of the rheumatism. When the whilom suflerer told the examiners that he has had a bad attack of rheumatism they said it could not have been rheumatism, as every attack leaves some trace of it on the patient’s heart. This Mahomedan gentleman, belonged to the family of hereditary physicians to the Raja of Taujore. He was not himself a direct descendant but he had married the daughter of the Court Physician. This lady had acquired such a competent know ledge of her father’s science that when her husband, the practitioner, felt any difficulties about a case, he used to go behind the curtain which separated his zenana from his consulting room, and take the advice of his wife as to the course of treatment to be followed.

The only effect of the Bill being thrown out by the Council, will be to dater the medical graduates of our Universities from interesting themselves in the indigenous systems. This is a pity, because it is they that can best sift the chaff from the grain, and assimilate to Medical Science, which belongs neither to the East nor to the West, all that is valuable in the Indian systems. Any one who ventures to openly associate himself with Ayurvedic or Unani studies may be branded for “infamous conduct”. but we are sure that this will not deter all of them from taking up the study of the old systems. Even if there is nothing in them, it is better to have it conclusively established that this is the case. We, of course, have no sympathy with orthodoxy in any form. We have been recently reading a very suggestive work entitled “Professionalism and Originality,” in which the writer maintains that professionalism kills originality. Qualified medical men who are stigmatised as quakes, because of their study of the indigenous systems, may take comfort from the fact that the great Pasteur had to suffer similar indignity at the hands of the professionals of his time. Nobody wants to supersede modern anatomy or surgery by the ancient methods. But there are other departments of the healing art, in regard which modern medical science is quite as empirical as the more ancient systems. It is here that the study of the indigenous systems is likely to be most fruitful. His Excellency th Governor threw out the suggestion that the indigenous systems must have their own seperate organisation. This can be done only if Government extend to them some measure of patronage as in the case of the modern orthodox system. His Highness the Nizam’s Government supports both the modern and the indigenous systems by official recognition and liberal grants. We should be glad if the Government of Bombay follow this excellent example. Only in that case, can His Excellency’s suggestion become a practical proposition.

Indian Social Reformer : October 14, 1917 Page : 76

GREATEST POLITICAL LEADER

Mr. V. J. Patel said they had met there under the shadow of a great calamity. Deshbandhu Das, the greatest political leader of India, had gone. He was the Mayor of Calcutta under the new municipal Constitution and he sacrificed his all in the cause of his country. He was a great soul and it was with a heavy heart that he (Mr. Patel) rose to move the resolution asking the Corporation to adjourn the meeting.

Mr. Patel then moved:

That the Corporation place on record their sense of the heavy loss sustained by the country in the sad and untimely death on the 16th June 1~25 of Deshbandhu Chitta Ranjan Das Mayor of the Calcutta Corporation, whose ardent patriotism, deep and abiding love for the Motherland, selfless devotion to her cause and noble self-sacrifice in her service won for him the esteem and admiration of his countrymen who regard his death at the present Juncture as a national calamity.
That a copy of this resolution be forwarded to the Corporation of Calcutta and to the family of the deceased, with an expression of the Corporation's sympathy in their sad bereavement.
That as a mark of respect to the memory of the deceased the Corporation do adjourn Without proceeding to the transaction of business.

Continuing he said It was impossible for him to express in words his feelings on this occasion and he would content himself merely with moving the resolution.

Indian Opinion : JULY 24 1925

DECLARE SARDAR PATEL'S HOME AND SCHOOL IN KARAMSAD AS NATIONAL HERITAGE

Hi,

I wanted to tell you about this petition that I just signed:

"DECLARE SARDAR PATEL'S HOME AND SCHOOL IN KARAMSAD AS NATIONAL HERITAGE"

Palam Airport on April 28, 1950, the Hon'ble Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru stayed on at the airport to receive Mr. C. Rajagopalachari. Here the two ar seen with Miss Maniben Patel, the Hon'ble Sardar Patel , the Hon'ble Gopalaswami Ayyangar and others.

I really care about this cause, and I'd love it if you joined me in supporting it. It's free and takes just a few seconds of your time.
Thanks!

TODAY THAT DAY : 10 NOVEMBER 1950

READS REACH LHASA

Peiping Radio Report

STAFF CORRESPONDENT AND A.A.P.

London, Nov, 9 - Peiping Radio, in a broadcast in Tibetan last night, said that the "People's Army" had entered the Tibetan Capital of Lhasa.

In Lhasa itself an interim regime led by a senior monk Minister. Sawong Lama has replaced the Cabinet of the former Regent Takta Rimpoche.

Partial to the Communists, the new regime is considering Peiping proposals regarding Tibet according to reports.

The proposal provide that : -

China would not interfere in the internal administration of Tibet but would be responsible for its defense, external affairs, and communications.

China would station a token force in Lhasa and appoint military advisers to reorganise the Tibetan forces;

China would not interfere with the Dalai Lama and the Patchen Lama.

The interim regime has ordered the Tibetan troops to offer no resistance to the invading forces.

Meanwhile, in Kashmir and Uttar Pradesh-formerly the United Provinces-security measures have been taken along the two State's borders with Tibet.

NON-RECOGNITION

The Indian Deputy Prime Minister Mr. Sardar Patel, said in New Delhi to-day that India could not recognise the new three year-old King of Nepal.

The boy was proclaimed King on Tuesday after his grandfather, the King of Nepal, took refuge in the Indian Embassy in Katmandu capital of Nepal.

Addressing a public meeting Mr. Patel called on the Indian people to unite and strengthen themselves in the face of "new dangers or fear of dangers" arising from the trouble in Tibet and Nepal.

He said that the internal feud in Nepal had laid wide open India's frontiers in the north to outside danger.

Architect of Swaraj - 3

Architect of Swaraj

It was decided at the session to start civil disobedience movement on a mass scale and it was left to Gandhi to decide when and where the campaign should be launched. At the instance of Vallabhbhai, Gandhi selected Bardoli, for he felt that people of Bardoli were gentle and mild and would not resort to violence when provoked. He along with Vallabhbhai traveled over the entire district of Bardoli to educate them. They had to rouse the people's enthusiasm and yet keep their passions from breaking into violence. Their utterances electrified the people. The people responded enthusiastically. But only a few days after, Gandhi learnt about the outbreak of violence of Chauri Chaura. The police had opened fire on a peaceful procession without any provocation and the mob retaliated by setting fire to the police station and burning to death 21 constables and one young son of a sub-inspector of police. Learning this Gandhi immediately called off civil disobedience for he felt that the nation was not yet ready for non-violent non-cooperation. Many leaders including C.R. Das, Motilal Nehru and Lala -Lajpatrai resented the suspension of the movement when it was at its peak. They called it Gandhi's greatest blunder and protested vehemently against "the ignominious and ill-turned retreat". Patel however felt that Gandhi was right in suspending civil disobedience. He told the people not to question their leader but to follow him. To quote him, "During the struggle do what Gandhiji commands us, if he asks us to rise we shall rise, if he asks us to retreat we shall do so."

Next Borsad claimed the attention of Vallabhbhai, it was his Taluka and it appealed to him for help. This Taluka was infested with dacoits and robbers. Naturally this was going on with the connivance of the police. But the police attributed it to the indifference and cowardliness of the people who did not co-operate with the police. To set matters right a special force was posted in the Taluka and the people were asked to pay Rs. 240,000 a year which worked out at Rs. 2 and Annas / per person above the age of 16. People resented this punitive tax.

Vallabhbhai himself went to Borsad and found that the superintendent of police was himself involved. He had issued a confidential circular to all the sub-inspectors and head constables "requiring them to turn a blind eye to dacoits and offences committed by Ali, as he had undertaken to assist in the arrest of Barber Deva." The police had even supplied weapons to Ali with which he had committed many murders and dacoities. Vallabhbhai exhorted the people not to pay this punitive tax and at the same time to remain non-violent against all provocations.

The people of Borsad stood firm. The police reacted with vengeance and attached property. This went on for five weeks when Sir Leslie Wilson was appointed Governor of Bombay. He happened to see in a newspaper a report of Vallabhbhai's speech in which he had quoted that confidential letter. He deputed the Home Member to visit the place and find out the facts. The Home Member confirmed that Vallabhbhai's allegations were correct. Thereupon the punitive tax was abolished, extra cost of extra police was to be borne by the Government. Vallabhbhai thanked the Governor of Bombay for this gesture. Gandhi complimented Vallabhbhai by conferring on him the title of "King of Borsad".

From Borsad Bardoli got the attention of Sardar Patel. In Bardoli he addressed a conference which was attended by peasants from nearly 80 villages. He told them that as to the justice of their case he had not the slightest doubt, but he was not sure of their strength. He added, "I shall stand by the side of anyone who is prepared to take risks."

On 6th February Patel addressed a letter to the Governor of Bombay requesting him to order a fresh inquiry as the increase was unjust and arbitrary, and to postpone the recovery of the revised land revenue. He received a curt reply saying that his letter had been sent to the Revenue Department for Disposal. Now the battle had begun. Vallabhbhai devoted all his time and energy to organizing, uniting and rousing the people. He went from village to village. He ate delivered numerous speeches everyday. He organized a publicity department which would issue, and distribute free, his speeches in pamphlets and also a daily news bulletin.

The Government fired their first shot on 15th February by serving notices on 50 Banias to pay the revised land revenue within 10 days. Banias were considered to be weak and mild people and the Government were hopeful that they would yield. But out of the fifty only two paid. When the people learnt of it they were annoyed with the two "black sheep" and wanted to boycott them. But Vallabhbhai told them to remain calm.

Patel moved from village to village and thousands listened to his speeches with devotion. He invited the women of Bardoli also to join the struggle, "for the burnt will have to be borne by them".

When the Government realized that the imposition of fines had no effect on the people it started confiscation of land. Here are some examples; land worth Rs. 40,000 was attached to recover a tax of Rs. 700. In another instance, 33 acres of land worth Rs. 15,000 was confiscated and sold to another buyer for Rs. 161. Again, land worth Rs. 30, 000 was sold for Rs. 115. But still the people remained unperturbed. To crush them the Government resorted to a new expedient of attaching the cattle of the peasantry.

Patel than appealed to Patels and Talatis to resign. At his call 69 out of the 90 Patels and 11 out of 35 Talatis resigned. It was at this time that Vallabhbhai came to be known as the "SARDAR" of the peasants. The appellation stuck to his name for all his life.

When the Government's repressive measures proved to be ineffective then sanity dawned on them. They were frightened that if the Bardoli Satyagraha spread to other parts of India that would be the end of British rule. So they decided to compromise. The government acceded to all the demands of Sardar Patel. The independent inquiry after a thorough investigation recommended an increase of 5.7% as against 22% originally fixed. Thus ended this glorious struggle. The Bardoli struggle was significant from many points of view. It demonstrated to all the world that truth and non-violence cannot be crushed. It compelled the mighty Government, pledged to crush, to yield within a fortnight of the pledge. It was a viceroy for both the Satyagrahis and the Government and that is why both Gandhi and Vallabhbhai congratulated the people as well as the Governor.

Secondly, the Bardoli Satyagraha was a landmark in the history of our freedom movement. It gave a new meaning and significance to the history of Satyagraha in India and paved the way for the future bigger struggle. Thirdly, it projected the personality of Sardar Patel and proved his organizing capacity and ability to lead people.

In March, 1929 Sardar was invited to preside over the fifth Kathiawad Political Conference. He did some plain-speaking by telling the people to speak less and work more.

A couple of months later he was invited to preside at the Maharashtra Political Conference.

TO BE CONTINUE…..

Courtesy : ARCHITECT OF SWARAJ
Page – 80-82

TODAY THAT DAY : 06 NOVEMBER 1947

"CORNER TURNED" IN KASHMIR

RAIDER'S MAIN STRENGTH NOW BROKEN

Indian Troops have fought armed raiders near Bagdom, less than ten miles south-west of Srinagar and five miles from the airfield India is using as reinforcement base in Kashmir. "Raider's infiltration tactics against that airfield are reported.

New Delhi, Nov 5 - According to New Delhi Radio, Indian Government forces are officially stated to have broken the main strength of the Kashmir raiders says Reuters. The Kashmir Government claimed in Press note that the corner had been turned. The raiders were being steadily pushed back and mopped up in pockets, heavy casualties being inflicted. The Indian Air Force had destroyed much of the raider's equipment. "There is definite proof that Pakistan Army officers are operating with the raiders" the report said.

Reliable reports from the North-West Frontier Province said that a Jehad (Moslem holy war) has been

officially declared and that more tribesmen have been seen moving towards Kashmir, "The Times" correspondent says. Raiding tribesmen shunning main roads and swarming down from the hills in thousands, last night launched attack after attack on the airport outside Srinagar, says the "Daily Express" correspondent. The hard pressed defenders held the attacks with long bursts of fire throughout the night. They knew that if the airfield fell their last hope of reinforcements from the Indian Dominion was gone.

As they fought, transport planes came in on each other's tail. Sikh troops jumped from the planes and assembled in battle formation. Thousands of refugees waited to fill their places for the return journey. The Deputy Prime Minister of India (Mr. Patel) and the Defense Minister (Sardar Baldev Singh) arrived by air and conferred on the spot with the head of the Kashmir provisional Government (Sheikh Abdullah) and then flew on to Jammu to meet the Maharajah of Kashmir (Sir Hari Singh).

An Indian Army officer who has returned to New Delhi from Kashmir told the American Associated Press correspondent that the invaders' threat to Srinagar became grave when they developed infiltration tactics against the airfield on Monday night.

Indian troops, through a victory at the village of Pattan on Sunday night, had forced the raiders to abandon their advance along the Baramula-Srinagar road. The raiders broke up and pus their way through to the village of Bagdom and would have gone straight on to Srinagar if Indian troops had not been able to bold them there for several hours.

HEAVY CASUALTIES

Indian troops claimed to have inflicted 50 per cent casualties when they engaged a force of 700 armed raiders near Bagdom on Monday night, less than, ten miles south west of Srinagar ad only miles from the airfield that India is using as a reinforcement base.

An Indian communique said that Indian troops were heavily out-numbered but attacked against heavy mortar and machine-gun fire and sustained comparatively light casualties. Air reconnaissance later spotted the corpses of more than 100 raiders.

An Indian Defense Ministry communique said that Indian troops on Monday afternoon, ten miles south west of Srinagar, held the raiders for several hours and inflicted heavy casualties. Parties of armed bandits, were terrorising Srinagar Valley Royal Indian Air Force planes were operatine against the raiders.

RELIEF TRAINS

Another communique said that a shuttle relief of trains during the first three days of November had carried 34,000) Hindus and Sikhs to India from Pakistan and 37,000 Moslems from India. The American Associated Press correspondent says the relief service used nine trains, each carrying between 3,000 and 7,000 refugees packed in and on every inch of space with their belongings-luggage. bedding, dogs, parrots, pigeons, fowls and mongooses.

The British Air Ministry announced today that Royal Air Force Dakotas and York aircraft, working on the relief service for the Indian and Pakistan Governments. carried more than 20,000 passengers between August 15 and October 27. Many flights involved heavily laden planes landing and taking off from abandoned airfields with a minimum of ground organisation.

The Pakistan Government in a statement issued today, accused Indian troops of having opened fire near the Sialkot border on Moslem refugees from Jammu (West Punjab). Home Guards went to the rescue of the refugees and exchanged fire with the Indians. The Pakistan Government also issued a "gazette extraordinary" ordering an non-scheduled aircraft flying over West Punjab to land at Lahore on both outward and homing flights and proceed only after clearance.

EXTERMINATION PLAN

The Prime Minister of Pakistan (Liaquat Ali Khan). in a broadcast today, said that the people of Kashmir were fighting for their freedom and very They had been caught in a widespread plan to exterminate Moslems, he said. The plan had succeeded in all States acceded to India. "Presumably after such an extermination in Kashmir, India proposed to hold a referendum," he continued. "What use is a vote when the voters have been driven from their homes or silenced in death?"

Liaquat Ali said that it was dishonest to present rebellion of enslaved peoples an invasion from outside. India was helping to wipe out the oppressed, enslaved and entrapped people of Kashmir. India had regarded the accession of Junagadh to Pakistan as a threat to India's security.

The accession of Kashmir to India was a much greater threat to the security of Pakistan "We do not recognise this accession." he said. "The choice before the people of Kashmir is freedom or death."

He charged that thousands of Sikhs, on the pretext of being refugees, entered Jammu at the end of September. but they came from East, not from West Punjab, and then "set about the formal business in Jammu and Punch of repeating the horrible drama they enacted in East Punjab."

Referring to reports that "Free Kashmir" troops were armed with modern weapons. Liaquat Ali Khan

said that many of those fighting the invading troops of India came from the 6000 former army men of Punch who were not incapable of capturing arms from their enemies.

The Governor of the North-West Frontier Province (Sir George Cunningham) has refused the request of the Jirga (tribal gathering) of Lower Mohmand tribesmen to go to Kashmir "and save their Moslem

brethren from the tyranny of the Dogra ruler." He told the Jirga to consider the whole m?n.tter without getting excited and assured them that the Pakistan Government would be able to bring about a satisfactory solution of the Kashmir problem.

A Briton, Lieut.-Col. Dykes, was killed on Monday by tribesmen who attacked the convent at Baramula, says Reuters correspondent and apparently lost his life while trying to save his wife. Mrs. Dykes's body was recovered from a well. Their three children are believed to be safe in Rawalpindi.

Khurshid Hassan. the 25-year-old private secretary to the Governor General of Pakistan (Mr. Jinnah)

who on Monday was arrested in Srinagar, was released last night. "My holiday is over, but I can not get out." he said. "I have asked for a plane from Karachi"

Courtesy : The West Australian, Thursday, November 6, 1947

TODAY THAT DAY : 27 - 28 OCTOBER 1933 (Death of Shri Vithalbhai Patel - 22nd October 1933)

VITHALBHAI PATEL
(27 September 1873 – 22 October 1933)

First Indian President of the Legislative Assembly (1925). Died October 22, 1933. The first Swarajist President of the Bombay Corporation. Visited U.S.A. and Irish Free State to denounce the British Raj.

MR. V. J. PATEL DIES IN SWITZERLAND (22nd October 1933)

Mr. Vithalbhai J. Patel, the former President of the Indian Legislative Assembly, who has been lying seriously ill in a nursing home near Nyon (Lake Geneva), died on Sunday.

He remained conscious to the last, and his last works were : "BEFORE I DIE I PRAY FOR INDIA'S FREEDOM".

By the death of Mr. Patel, a barrister by profession, India losses a staunch Swarajist and an ardent believer in the non-violence movement.

For a number of year he was Secretary of the Indian National Congress, and in the capacity came to England to give evidence in connection with the Montague-Chelmsford reforms in 1919. He was also a successful Mayor of Bombay.

A close collaborator with Gandhi he joined him in launching the second civil disobedience movement in 1931 and was twice arrested.

Architect of Swaraj - 2

Architect of Swaraj

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Gandhi and Patel made a strong team as President and Secretary of the Gujarat Sabha. Earlier it used to meet once a year and would pass resolution and submit some petitions to the Government. But now it was decided to set up an executive committee with Gandhi as Chairman and Patel as Secretary which would function with a fixed program for the welfare of the masses. Under the Secretaryship of Patel the Sabha rendered service to the people of Gujarat in time of distress. When in 1917 plague broke out in Ahmedabad, Patel organized an anti-plague campaign. People looked to him with confidence to organize the relief measures. No single man in our country organized with so unfailing a success so many and so extensive relief measures in natural calamities as Patel did.

Patel as Secretary of the Gujarat Sabha took up the question of forced labour. Patel wrote three letters to Mr. Pratt, the then Commissioner of Northern Division, to ascertain the Government views on the subject. When nothing materialized he published and distributed leaflets among , villagers to educate them against forced labour. It had the desired effect and people began to press for payment for the services rendered. This antagonized the Government officers against Patel but he remained unmoved.

In early 1918, the crops of Kaira district were washed away by rain. The farmers were left with nothing and could not pay the land revenue. They prayed for the exemption of land tax. But the Government turned a deaf ear to their request. So the people approached Patel for help. "I shall see the crops myself and if what you say is correct, I shall request Gandhiji to take up your fight."

Patel himself visited the villages on a fact-finding inquiry and when he was satisfied he wrote to the Government of Bombay to grant exemption from land revenue. But this had no effect. So Patel approached Gandhi to take up the case of the Kaira peasants. Gandhi advised Satyagraha but he wanted "one at least of the workers of Gujarat Sabha to accompany him and devote all his time to the campaign until it was completed.'' Vallabhbhai offered his services, much to Gandhi's delight. Patel gave up his "European dress and donned dhoti and Kurta and toured the villages of Kaira District along with Gandhi to train the people to suffer in the cause of Satyagraha. When Gandhi appealed to the people to refrain form plying land revenue, the Government became furious and enforced punitive measures for tax collection. Lands were attached, property confiscated, and cattle were auctioned. This meant too great a hardship for the famine-hit people of Kaira. Gandhi had to leave Kaira to go to Champaran in Bihar. But in his absence Patel went from village to village and exhorted the peasants to bear the hardships cheerfully and not to yield. The peasants had faith in their leader and stood firm. Ultimately the Government had to yield. It agreed that the tax should be collected only from those who could pay it. This was what the Gujarat Sabha had been asking for. So the no tax campaign was called off.

The Kaira campaign had two effects Firstly the efficacy of the technique of Satyagraha was proved. It was later developed and adopted for the freedom movement. Secondly, the Kaira campaign discovered a new leader in the person of Patel.

In 1917, Patel contested and was elected as Municipal Councillor in a by-election in Ahmedabad Municipality. At that time a headstrong I.C.S. Officer, J.A. Shillidy, was the Municipal Commissioner who did not care for the advice of the Municipal Board. Soon after his election Patel came into conflict with Shillidy. Shillidy was out to help his favoured Councillor, one Fateh Mohammad Munshi, who bad contributed a handsome amount towards the War Loan. There was a small Jake near the railway station. Since it was a breeding ground for mosquitoes, it was decided to fill it up. But Munshi had a match factory near this lake and was seasoning timber in this lake. He wanted the lake to remain unfilled. Disregarding the interest of the Municipality, Shillidy leased this Jake to Munshi for a song. Vallabhbhai came to know all the facts of the case. He moved a resolution demanding the removal of Shillidy. The resolution was passed and the Government bad no alternative but to remove him.

Eight years after, i.e., in 1924, Patel was elected President of the Municipality and devoted all his time and energies to the betterment of the city. He did his utmost to make Ahmedabad cleaner, healthier and more beautiful. He himself took up the broom to clean the city. He encouraged the development of parks, play-ground are recreational centres. He also opened schools to provide free education. And when Indian National Congress passed the historic resolution of Non-cooperation at Nagpur in 1920, Patel prevailed upon the Municipality to free Municipal schools from Government control. He told the school.5 to decline the education grant from the Government. The Deputy Education Inspector was told not to visit the Municipal schools. The Government was no prepared to brook this insult. This Commissioner dubbed this act of the Municipality ultra vires. When the Commissioner ordered the Municipality to hand over the schools to the Government, the Municipality closed the schools for a month. This annoyed the Commissioner and he moved the. Government to suspend the Municipality. The Municipality was suspended on 9th February, 1922, and the Government entrusted its affairs to a committee nominated by them. Vallabhbhai strongly condemned this act to the Government. He also appealed to the people for funds to run national schools and was able to collect Rs. 1.25 lakhs with which 43 national schools were opened. Ultimately the Government had to yield and after two years the Municipality was restored.

Vallabhbhai continued to be the President of Ahmedabad Municipality till 1928 when he had to resign to devote himself fully to Bardoli struggle. During his tenure as President he continued to instil courage, self-respect and self-confidence in the people. Soon after the successful completion of the Kaira Satyagraha, Vallabhbhai joined Gandhi in raising recruits for the War which was going on at the time. But once the War was over, the Government tried to resuscitate the old Anglo-Indian life. As if to add fuel to the fire the Rowlatt Committee's report was published. After the Rowlatt Bills came the massacre of Jallianwala Bagh on April 13th, 1919.

Vallabhbhai now agreed with Gandhiji that non-co-operation was the only answer to British cruelties. The Congress. session was to be held in Calcutta to pass the non-cooperation resolution.

TO BE CONTINUE.....

Courtesy : ARCHITECT OF SWARAJ

Page - 77 - 79

TODAY THAT DAY : 26 OCTOBER 1949

INDIA'S £60,000,000 ECONOMIES

THE SCOTSMAN - 26 OCTOBER 1949

SARDAR PATEL INDIAN DEPUTY PRIME MINISTER HAS ORDERED A £60 MILLION CUT IN CAPITAL EXPENDITURE IN INDIA'S BUDGET FOR THE NEXT FINANCIAL YEAR, ACCORDING TO AUTHORITATIVE SOURCES TO-DAY. BUDGETED CAPITAL EXPENDITURE FOR THIS YEAR IS £157 MILLION. REUTER.

Architect of Swaraj - 1

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Vallabhbhai Patel's was a many-sided genius. He was a mass leader, administrator and an astute diplomat. Above all he was an ardent nationalist and patriot. He devoted all his time and attention first to securing freedom for his motherland and then, when freedom had been secured, to the work of integrating the 560 odd States into the Union.

What was remarkable about the integration of States by Patel is that the princes whom he had deprived of their thrones .and power co-operated with him. In fact the integration of States went off so well that few could realize what a big historical event it was.

Patel has generally been called a man of iron-ruthless, rough and stern. Very few know that he was indeed intensely humane and fair-minded. Differences of opinions would not prejudice him. He had a sense of humour which brought the ghost of a smile to his lips and a twinkle to his eyes.

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was born on 31st October, 1875, to Jhaverbhai Patel and Ladbai at Nadiad in the Kaira district of Gujarat. Vallabhbhai was a relatively short man, 5 feet 5½ inches in height, dour and homely in appearance especially as he aged, whose demeanour exuded far more strength than his height and whose eyes emitted a penetrating glance which gave pause to all who did not know him well. His father belonged to Karamsad an agricultural caste known as the Lewa Patidar a class which is said to have come to Gujarat from the Punjab. The Lewa Patidars were famous as a militant community and had played a notable part in the first war of India's independence. Ladbai, Vallabh's mother, belonged to Nadiad. She was a simple, religious-minded and noble lady.

Vallabh received his early school education at Karamsad (today known as SARDAR SMRITI SHALA) in his ancestral village. After finishing his education at Karamsad he persuaded six other students to go with him to Petlad, a village 7 miles away, which had a school which taught English -up to the fifth standard. These seven boys hired a room in Petlad, visited Karamsad every Sunday to carry rations, and cooked their food by turns.

Vallabh was married at the age of 18 to Zaverba daughter of Desaibhai Punjabhai Patel, from the nearby village of Ghana, in 1893. His wife was a docile and gentle lady who served her husband all her life, with great devotion. Jhaverba died in January 1909, having borne two children, Manibehn and Dahyabhai, after which Vallabhbhai, thirty-three years of age at the time of his wife's death, never married nor had any known or suspected liaison with another woman.

Vallabh passed his Matriculation at the age of 22 and accepted a job with a lawyer of Nadiad and studied for the District Pleader's Examination, borrowing books from his employer. In three years he passed the examination and became a District Pleader.

In 1900, he raised a loan and set up a small office at Godhra where his elder brother Vithalbhai had been practising. When Vithalbhai shifted to Borsad, he invited his younger brother to join him at Borsad but Vallabhbhai preferred to start on his own.

Vallabhbhai specialized in criminal law and had "a beginner's luck".

After about two years Patel shifted from Godhra to Borsad. There were two reasons for this : First, Godhra was too small a place for a man of his calibre. Secondly, his brother Vithalbhai had laid certain charges against a magistrate of Borsad and a "Commission of Inquiry" had been set up to look into the charges. It was a blow to the bureaucracy and they were conspiring against Vithalbhai. So Vallabhbhai thought it his duty to be nearer his brother to foil the designs of the officialdom of Borsad.

At Borsad his practice flourished. Patel had been anxious to go to England and study for the bar. At Borsad Patel saved enough money and quietly wrote to Thomas Cook and Son to arrange for his passage. The firm addressed their reply to V. J. Patel and as chance would have it. the letter fell into the hands of his brother, also V. J. Patel. He himself had been thinking of going to U.K., but had not saved even a penny. So he appealed to the younger brother saying, "I am the elder of the two. So let me go first. You will get an opportunity to go after I return while I shall not be able to go after you return''. Vallabhbhai in his magnanimity not only accepted his brother's request but agreed to support his family in his absence.

Vithalbhai Patel returned from England in 1908 but soon after Vallabhbhai's wife fell ill and died. So Vallabhbhai Patel could leave for England only in August 1910 and returned as full-fledged barrister in February 1913.

On_ Patel's return to India, the then Chief Justice of Bombay, Sir Basil Scott offered him the post of a judge. But Vallabhbhai declined the offer saying that he intended to start his practice in Ahmedabad. As before Patel continued to specialize in criminal cases. Soon he was having a roaring practice. He was known to be the best dressed man and his office was furnished in the most modern style. He was fearless and would not tolerate any discourtesy from the judge. He was quick to retort if a judge misbehaved or showed partiality to his opponent. Here is a description of Barrister Patel in the words of one of his close friends, G. V. Mavalankar, who became the first Speaker of the LokSabha in 1947. "A smart young man, dressed in well-cut clothes, with a felt hat worn rightly at an angle, stern and reserved, his eyes piercing and bright, not given to many words, receiving. the visitors with just a simple greeting but not entering into any conversation, and of a firm and pensive expression, almost as if he looked down upon the world with a sort of superiority complex, talking with an air of confidence and superiority whenever he opened his lips. Such was the new barrister, who had come to Ahmedabad for practice.''

Patel had not become a slave to his briefs. He had made it a point to visit the Gujarat Club every evening for a game of bridge. There lie attracted people by his casual but caustic comments. The beauty was that even his most biting sarcasm was without any malice. He was also an expert bridge player And the story goes that one Mr. Wadia, who was too proud of his game, challenged Patel for a game of bridge. Patel accepted the challenge but wanted the stakes to be five pounds a hundred in place of a penny a point. Wadia agreed. On the first day Wadia, the veteran player lost £20 and on the second day 30 more. Mrs. Wadia appeared on the scene and requested Patel to stop the play which he promptly did.

Barrister Patel had now reached the peak of his professional glory and was earning a fortune. But he gave up his practice in, 1919 when he was drawn to public work.

It was in 1919 that Patel came in contact with Gandhi when the latter had shot into limelight due to his Champaran Satyagraha. It was about this time that Gandhi was elected President of the Gujarat Sabha. Its first political conference was held at Godhra in 1917. Vallabhbhai Patel was elected its Secretary. It was the Gujarat Sabha that brought together the two later became famous as the "Father of the Nation" and the "Builder of the Nation." Patel was so much impressed by Gandhi that he became his devoted disciple. As S.K. Patil has put it "The year 1917 brought a revolutionary change in Vallabhbhai's life-a change that pushed him into public life and made him the most popular leader that he was. This was the year when the Guru and the disciple met. The Guru was Mahatma Gandhi and the disciple was Vallabhbhai Patel. The relation between the two had something of a divine touch in it."

TO BE CONTINUE.....

Courtesy : ARCHITECT OF SWARAJ

Page - 74 - 77

TODAY THAT DAY : 25 OCTOBER 1946

TODAY THAT DAY : 25 OCTOBER 1946 : 13 Killed, 26 Injured in New Riots In India.

26th October 1946 - Gloucestershire Echo

POLICE OPEN FIRE THREE TIMES IN CALCUTTA

MARTIAL LAW INS. INDIA

Police opened fire three times in Calcutta to-day, where 12 people were killed and 25 injured in disturbances, according to reports from the city. In Bombay police also opened fire after incidents in which one person was killed.

Martial law has been proclaimed in towns in the South Indian State of Travancore following disturbances attributed to "Communist Activities."

Twelve people were killed and 25 injured in incidents in Calcutta and its northern suburb Cossipore, up to 1 pm (local time) to-day. The police opened fire three times.

Police opened fire on an unruly crowd which collected in the centre of Bombay to-day after a collision between two lorries. Two people were wounded one of the whom died, and official communique stated.

Martial law has been proclaimed in Ambalapudha and Shertally in Travancore the South Indian prince-ruled State, following disturbances, it was announced to-day from Bombay.

Travancore State authorities attribute the disturbances to "Communist activities."

Eight stabbing incidents in Central and northern Bombay were also reported this morning.

MINISTER SWORN IN

Four of the five Moslem League members of the Indian Interim Government were sworn in at a cabinet meeting at which Lord Wavell, the Viceroy, presided to-day, New Delhi radio stated.

The Ministers were Liaquat Ali Khan (Finance), Mr. I. Chundrigar (Commerce), Sardar Abdur Rab Rishtar (Communications), and Raja Ghazanfar Ali Khan (Health).

The league's fifth nominee to the Cabinet Mr. Jogendra Nath Mandal, Scheduled Caste representative from Bengal, took charge of his office by telegram.

After the ceremony the full Cabinet met for half an hour after which Pandit Nehru and Liquat Ali Khan had a brief conference with the Viceroy.

The four Moslem League members had earlier called on Mr. Jinnah, President of the Moslem League, who wished them "Godspeed on the new road."

New Delhi radio added : "A crowd who had collected outside the Viceroy's palace cheered the MOslem League leaders and demonstrated against the Congress members of the Interim Government"

Congress tricolor flags on the cars of Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, The Vice-President, Sardar Vallabhai Patel, Dr. Rajendra Prasad and other Congress members were torn of by demonstrators.

Courtesy BRITISH LIBRARY BOARD.

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LONDON, December 25. - Throughout its length and breadth the vast sub-continent of India is today vibrant with party slogans and a flutter with political flags as - over the next four months or so millions go to the polls in what for many of them will be the first election in eight years.

TRIBUTE TO SARDAR PATEL

ખરી પડેલો ચમકતો તારો – હિંદના લાડીલા “સરદાર”

INDIA AND PAKISTAN AGREE

CRISIS MAY BE POSTPONED

G L O R I O U S REVOLUTION

MRS. GANDHI AGAIN ARRESTED

SWARAJIST DISCOURTESY

HYDERABAD "POLITICAL WONDERLAND"

Moslem Ruler Wants State to be Third Dominion

ALL POWERFUL NIZAM

CASE FOR INDEPENDENCE

THE REAL ISSUES

DELHI NEWSPAPERS RAIDED

Architect of Swaraj

"CORNER TURNED" IN KASHMIR

Architect of Swaraj

INDIA'S £60,000,000 ECONOMIES

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