Showing posts with label Iron man of India. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Iron man of India. Show all posts

Sardar Patel and the Last Viceroy Admiral Viscount Louis Mountbatten: The Secret Meeting That Forged a Nation

Sardar Patel and the Last Viceroy Admiral Viscount Louis Mountbatten: The Secret Meeting That Forged a Nation

The air over Delhi’s Palam airport on March 22, 1947, was thick with more than dust; it was heavy with the ghosts of a dying empire and the cries of a nation straining to be born. As a gleaming York transporter roared to a halt, a brass band struck a powerful, almost defiant, note against the sweltering heat. From the aircraft emerged Rear Admiral Viscount Louis Mountbatten, India’s last Viceroy, his crisp white naval uniform a beacon in the ochre landscape. For a fleeting, dizzying moment, he felt a surge of celestial power. "I realised," he would later write, "that I had been made into the most powerful man on earth. One fifth of humanity I held in my hand."

But as his astute press attaché, Alan Campbell-Johnson, followed him onto the tarmac, the triumphant music seemed to curdle into a dirge. Where Mountbatten saw power, Campbell-Johnson saw a precipice. The British promise of Indian independence was a cheque that no one knew how to cash. The land was on fire. Across the fertile fields of Rawalpindi and Multan, the soil was soaked in the blood of thousands of Sikhs, a horrifying prelude to the cataclysmic Partition of India. The great political titans, the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League, were locked in a venomous stalemate. Later that day, the grim-faced outgoing Viceroy, Lord Wavell, handed his successor a simple manila file. On its cover, two chilling words: ‘Operation Madhouse’. “This is called ‘Madhouse’,” Wavell intoned, his voice hollow, “because it is a problem for a madhouse.” The subcontinent was not just fractured; it was on the verge of a complete breakdown.

Prime Minister Clement Attlee’s mandate was deceptively simple: transfer power to “responsible Indian hands” by June 1948. To navigate this madhouse, Mountbatten knew he needed more than policy; he needed personality. He launched a diplomatic blitz, a staggering 133 meetings in his first two weeks. He met with ministers, commanders, and bejewelled princes. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the formidable leader of the Muslim League, commanded six of those meetings. But on March 26, two days after his grand swearing-in, it was the turn of a man who was, by all accounts, the unshakeable bedrock of the Congress party: the interim Home Minister, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel.

Mountbatten was wary. Wavell’s briefings had painted Patel as "the recognized tough of the Congress Working Committee," a hard-boiled realist and the only man capable of standing up to Mahatma Gandhi. His reputation preceded him as a blunt, almost ‘fascist’ disciplinarian. Patel, for his part, was equally unimpressed. He had privately dismissed the charming, blue-blooded Mountbatten as “a toy for Jawaharlalji to play with while we arrange the revolution.” They were two titans, circling each other with deep-seated suspicion, each expecting a confrontation.

What transpired inside the opulent Viceregal Lodge that day, however, was not a clash but a profound convergence. As Campbell-Johnson observed the dhoti-clad Patel, he saw not a provincial politician, but a figure of immense authority, like "a Roman emperor in a toga." He noted the "administrative talent, capacity to take and sustain strong decisions, and a certain serenity." By the end of their encounter, Mountbatten’s apprehension had dissolved, replaced by genuine admiration. He found Patel “most charming,” a pragmatist refreshingly free of the philosophical complexities that defined Nehru or the asceticism of Gandhi. He was a man of action. And Patel, in a stunning reversal, saw in the King-Emperor’s cousin an unexpected and powerful asset. He realized that Mountbatten’s royal lineage and personal friendships with India's myriad princes were uniquely suited to help achieve the monumental task that lay ahead: the integration of princely states into a unified India. This single, pivotal meeting laid the cornerstone for the very map of modern India. But to understand why, one must first understand the forging of the man they called the Iron Man of India.

Nationalism was not a choice for Vallabhbhai Patel; it was an inheritance. Born in 1875 in Nadiad, Gujarat, he was the son of a landowner who had fought against the British alongside the legendary Rani of Jhansi during the Mutiny of 1857. That rebellious fire was passed from father to son. As a sixth-grade student, he organized a three-day strike to protest a teacher’s brutal caning of a classmate, an early glimpse of the master organizer he would become. He carved out a career as a formidable criminal lawyer, his steely determination becoming local legend. In 1909, while delivering his final argument in a high-stakes murder case, a telegram was handed to him. It announced the death of his wife, Jhaverba, following surgery. Patel read the note, folded it with unnerving calm, and placed it in his pocket. He continued his summation, his voice unwavering, and won the case. He shared the news of his devastating personal tragedy only after the court proceedings had concluded.

This was the man who, at thirty-five, sailed to London, passed his Bar exams with relentless focus, and returned to build a thriving practice. In the early 1910s, he was the very antithesis of a freedom fighter. His biographer, Balraj Krishna, paints a picture of a "smart young man dressed in tip-top English style," a chain-smoking, bridge-playing barrister who viewed the burgeoning Indian freedom struggle with cynical detachment. When Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, recently returned from South Africa, visited the Gujarat Club in 1916, Patel’s colleagues rose in reverence. Patel remained seated, reportedly scoffing at the idea of taking lessons from a man who spoke of cleaning toilets.

Yet, within a single year, an astonishing transformation occurred. The tailored suits were gone, replaced by the simple, hand-spun dhoti. The cigarettes and playing cards were abandoned forever. The cynical lawyer had become one of Gandhi’s most trusted and indispensable lieutenants. Patel left no diary explaining this profound change of heart, but it is likely the rebel spirit of his youth recognized a kindred soul in the Mahatma’s revolutionary campaigns for peasant rights. In 1918, they worked side-by-side in the Nadiad satyagraha. When Gandhi left, Patel took command, revealing an astonishing capacity for grassroots leadership. "If Gandhi had a bania’s suave, courteous veneer hiding his firmness," Krishna noted, "Patel had the bluntness of a soldier and the astuteness of an organiser."

His reputation as a force of nature was sealed during the 1928 Bardoli Satyagraha. For weeks, he rallied peasants to refuse tax payments to the British government, creating a complete civil shutdown. He endured arrests, property confiscations, and immense pressure, holding the line with unshakable resolve. His command was so absolute that the Times of India remarked, "Iron discipline prevails in Bardoli. Mr Patel had instituted there a Bolshevik regime in which he plays the role of Lenin." It was here that he was bestowed with the title that would define his legacy: ‘Sardar’, or Chief. He became Gandhi’s deputy commander, the undisputed Iron Man of the Indian National Congress. This closeness, however, came at a price. In 1946, despite overwhelming support from the party’s rank and file for the presidency—a position that would have made him India’s first Prime Minister—Gandhi chose the more internationally recognized Jawaharlal Nehru.

While Nehru was destined to be the face of India to the world, Patel was fixated on its very soul—its unity. Long before his fateful meeting with Mountbatten, he had set his sights on the 565 princely states, the disparate, autocratic kingdoms that made up two-fifths of the subcontinent. To Patel, these states were an anachronism, a block to true freedom, or Swaraj. "The red and yellow colours on India’s map have to be made one," he declared, referring to the British and princely territories. At a political conference, he laid his views bare, decrying the relationship between the Princes and the British Empire as "sheer nonsense, like friendship between a lion and a jackal!" He saw the rulers not as divinely ordained sovereigns, but as mere trustees of their people’s welfare.

He was not just a man of words, but of swift, decisive action. He learned to handle the complex crises of the princely states with tactical genius. In 1938, in Mysore, he skillfully negotiated a truce between Congress workers and state forces, brokering a deal where the Congress flag would fly alongside the state flag—a symbolic victory for nationalism. Yet, when negotiation failed, he was prepared for total confrontation. In Rajkot, when a new, wayward ruler dismissed his father's elected assembly, Patel launched a multi-pronged campaign of civil disobedience: strikes, boycotts, even a run on the state bank. When the state’s dewan responded by jailing activists, including Patel’s own daughter and Gandhi’s wife, the Mahatma himself travelled to Rajkot and began a fast unto death. The crisis escalated until the Viceroy, Lord Linlithgow, was forced to intervene, ultimately siding with Patel’s position.

This was the man Mountbatten met on March 26, 1947. Not just a party tough, but a master strategist with decades of experience in organizational command, popular struggle, and high-stakes negotiation. He was the one man who possessed the vision, the will, and the ruthlessness to solve the puzzle of the princely states. As they sat in the quiet grandeur of the Viceregal Lodge, two worlds collided and discovered common ground. The blue-blooded Royal Navy Admiral and the farmer’s son from Gujarat, the last Viceroy and the future Deputy Prime Minister, had found in each other the exact partner they needed to navigate the coming storm. The ‘madhouse’ now had two keepers, and under the steady hand of the Architect of Modern India, the forging of a unified nation could truly begin. His legacy, built on an unwavering commitment to unity, continues to be a cornerstone of Indian independence history and a powerful lesson in statecraft for the entire world.


સરદાર પટેલ અને છેલ્લા વાઇસરોય એડમિરલ વિસ્કાઉન્ટ લુઈસ માઉન્ટબેટન: એ ગુપ્ત મુલાકાત જેણે એક રાષ્ટ્રનું ઘડતર કર્યું

૨૨ માર્ચ, ૧૯૪૭ના રોજ દિલ્હીના પાલમ એરપોર્ટ પરની હવા વેદનાથી ભરેલ હતી; તે એક મરતા સામ્રાજ્યના પડછાયા અને નવો જન્મ લેવા માટે સંઘર્ષ કરી રહેલા રાષ્ટ્રની વેદના હતી. એરપોર્ટ પર ત્યારે સખત ગરમી વચ્ચે એક બ્રાસ બેન્ડે શક્તિશાળી, લગભગ બળવાખોર સૂર વગાડ્યો. વિમાનમાંથી રીઅર એડમિરલ વિસ્કાઉન્ટ લુઈસ માઉન્ટબેટન, ભારતના છેલ્લા વાઇસરોય, ઉતર્યા, તેમનો સફેદ નૌકાદળનો ગણવેશ એ કેસરી ભૂમિમાં એક દીવાદાંડી સમાન હતો. એક ક્ષણ માટે, તેમને દિવ્ય શક્તિનો અનુભવ થયો. તેમણે પાછળથી લખ્યું, "મને સમજાયું કે મને પૃથ્વી પરનો સૌથી શક્તિશાળી માણસ બનાવવામાં આવ્યો હતો. માનવતાનો પાંચમો ભાગ મારા હાથમાં હતો."

પરંતુ જેવા તેમના ચતુર પ્રેસ એટેચી, એલન કેમ્પબેલ-જ્હોન્સન, તેમની પાછળ ટારમેક પર ઉતર્યા, તે વિજયી સંગીત શોકગીતમાં ફેરવાઈ ગયું. જ્યાં માઉન્ટબેટનને સત્તા દેખાઈ, ત્યાં કેમ્પબેલ-જ્હોન્સનને એક ખાઈ દેખાઈ. ભારતીય સ્વતંત્રતાનું બ્રિટિશ વચન એક એવો ચેક હતો જેનો ઉપયોગ કેવી રીતે કરવો તે કોઈ જાણતું ન હતું. દેશ આગમાં સળગી રહ્યો હતો. રાવલપિંડી અને મુલતાનના ફળદ્રુપ ખેતરોમાં, હજારો શીખોના લોહીથી જમીન લાલ થઈ ગઈ હતી, જે ભારતના વિભાજનની ભયાનક પ્રસ્તાવના હતી. મહાન રાજકીય દિગ્ગજો, ભારતીય રાષ્ટ્રીય કોંગ્રેસ અને મુસ્લિમ લીગ, એક ઝેરી મડાગાંઠમાં ફસાયેલા હતા. તે દિવસે પછી, ગંભીર ચહેરાવાળા વિદાય લેતા વાઇસરોય, લોર્ડ વેવેલે, તેમના અનુગામીને એક સાદી મનિલા ફાઇલ આપી. તેના કવર પર બે ભયાવહ શબ્દો હતા: 'ઓપરેશન મેડહાઉસ'. "આને 'મેડહાઉસ' કહેવામાં આવે છે," વેવેલે ખાલી અવાજે કહ્યું, "કારણ કે આ પાગલખાના માટેની સમસ્યા છે." ઉપખંડ માત્ર વિભાજીત જ નહોતો; તે સંપૂર્ણપણે તૂટી પડવાની અણી પર હતો.

વડાપ્રધાન ક્લેમેન્ટ એટલીનો આદેશ ભ્રામક રીતે સરળ હતો: જૂન ૧૯૪૮ સુધીમાં "જવાબદાર ભારતીય હાથોમાં" સત્તાનું હસ્તાંતરણ કરવું. આ પાગલખાનામાંથી માર્ગ કાઢવા માટે, માઉન્ટબેટન જાણતા હતા કે તેમને નીતિ કરતાં વધુ વ્યક્તિત્વની જરૂર છે. તેમણે એક રાજદ્વારી ઝુંબેશ શરૂ કરી, તેમના પ્રથમ બે અઠવાડિયામાં આશ્ચર્યજનક રીતે ૧૩૩ બેઠકો કરી. તેઓ મંત્રીઓ, કમાન્ડરો અને ઝવેરાતથી શણગારેલા રાજકુમારોને મળ્યા. મુસ્લિમ લીગના પ્રચંડ નેતા, મુહમ્મદ અલી ઝીણાએ તેમાંથી છ બેઠકોનું નેતૃત્વ કર્યું. પરંતુ ૨૬ માર્ચે, તેમના ભવ્ય શપથ ગ્રહણના બે દિવસ પછી, વારો એ માણસનો હતો જે, દરેક રીતે, કોંગ્રેસ પક્ષનો અડગ પાયો હતો: વચગાળાના ગૃહ પ્રધાનસરદાર વલ્લભભાઈ પટેલ.

માઉન્ટબેટન સાવચેત હતા. વેવેલની બ્રીફિંગમાં પટેલને "કોંગ્રેસ કાર્યકારી સમિતિના માન્ય કઠોર વ્યક્તિ" તરીકે ચિત્રિત કરવામાં આવ્યા હતા, એક કઠોર વાસ્તવવાદી અને મહાત્મા ગાંધીનો સામનો કરવા સક્ષમ એકમાત્ર વ્યક્તિ. તેમની પ્રતિષ્ઠા એક સ્પષ્ટવક્તા, લગભગ બળવાન શિસ્તપાલક તરીકે તેમના પહેલાં પહોંચી ચૂકી હતી. પટેલ, પોતાની રીતે, સમાન રીતે અપ્રભાવિત હતા. તેમણે ખાનગી રીતે મોહક, શાહી લોહીવાળા માઉન્ટબેટનને "જવાહરલાલજીના રમવા માટેનું રમકડું, જ્યારે આપણે ક્રાંતિની ગોઠવણ કરીએ છીએ" કહીને નકારી કાઢ્યા હતા. તેઓ બે મહાપુરુષો હતા, જેઓ ઊંડી શંકા સાથે એકબીજાની આસપાસ ફરી રહ્યા હતા, દરેકને ટક્કરની અપેક્ષા હતી.

જોકે, તે દિવસે ભવ્ય વાઇસરોયલ લોજની અંદર જે બન્યું, તે ટક્કર નહીં પણ એક ગહન સંગમ હતો. જ્યારે કેમ્પબેલ-જ્હોન્સને ધોતી પહેરેલા પટેલને જોયા, ત્યારે તેમણે એક પ્રાંતીય રાજકારણી નહીં, પણ અપાર સત્તા ધરાવતી વ્યક્તિ જોઈ, જાણે "ટોગામાં એક રોમન સમ્રાટ." તેમણે "વહીવટી પ્રતિભા, મજબૂત નિર્ણયો લેવાની અને ટકાવી રાખવાની ક્ષમતા, અને એક ચોક્કસ શાંતિ"ની નોંધ લીધી. તેમની મુલાકાતના અંત સુધીમાં, માઉન્ટબેટનની આશંકા ઓગળી ગઈ હતી, અને તેની જગ્યાએ સાચા અર્થમાં પ્રશંસાએ લીધી હતી. તેમણે પટેલને "ખૂબ જ મોહક" લાગ્યા, એક વ્યવહારવાદી જે નેહરુને વ્યાખ્યાયિત કરતી દાર્શનિક જટિલતાઓ અથવા ગાંધીના તપસ્વીપણાથી મુક્ત હતા. તેઓ એક કર્મયોગી હતા. અને પટેલે, એક આશ્ચર્યજનક પલટામાં, રાજા-સમ્રાટના પિતરાઈ ભાઈમાં એક અનપેક્ષિત અને શક્તિશાળી સાધન જોયું. તેમણે સમજ્યું કે માઉન્ટબેટનનું શાહી વંશ અને ભારતના અસંખ્ય રાજકુમારો સાથેની અંગત મિત્રતા આગળના ભગીરથ કાર્યને સિદ્ધ કરવામાં મદદ કરવા માટે અનન્ય રીતે યોગ્ય હતી: એકીકૃત ભારતમાં રજવાડાઓનું એકીકરણ. આ એકમાત્ર, નિર્ણાયક મુલાકાતે આધુનિક ભારતના નકશાનો પાયો નાખ્યો. પરંતુ શા માટે, તે સમજવા માટે, પહેલા એ માણસના ઘડતરને સમજવું પડશે જેને તેઓ ભારતના લોખંડી પુરુષ કહેતા હતા.

રાષ્ટ્રવાદ વલ્લભભાઈ પટેલ માટે પસંદગી નહોતી; તે વારસો હતો. ૧૮૭૫માં ગુજરાતના નડિયાદમાં જન્મેલા, તેઓ એક જમીનદારના પુત્ર હતા, જેમણે ૧૮૫૭ના બળવા દરમિયાન સુપ્રસિદ્ધ રાણી લક્ષ્મીબાઈ સાથે અંગ્રેજો સામે લડાઈ લડી હતી. તે બળવાખોર આગ પિતા પાસેથી પુત્રમાં આવી. છઠ્ઠા ધોરણના વિદ્યાર્થી તરીકે, તેમણે એક સહાધ્યાયીને શિક્ષક દ્વારા નિર્દયતાથી માર મારવાના વિરોધમાં ત્રણ દિવસીય હડતાળનું આયોજન કર્યું, જે તેમના મહાન આયોજક બનવાની પ્રારંભિક ઝલક હતી. તેમણે એક પ્રચંડ ફોજદારી વકીલ તરીકે કારકિર્દી બનાવી, તેમની લોખંડી દ્રઢતા સ્થાનિક દંતકથા બની ગઈ. ૧૯૦૯માં, એક હાઈ-પ્રોફાઇલ હત્યાના કેસમાં તેમની અંતિમ દલીલ આપતી વખતે, તેમને એક તાર આપવામાં આવ્યો. તેમાં સર્જરી પછી તેમની પત્ની ઝવેરબાના મૃત્યુની જાહેરાત કરવામાં આવી હતી. પટેલે ચિઠ્ઠી વાંચી, તેને અવિચલિત શાંતિથી વાળી, અને પોતાના ખિસ્સામાં મૂકી દીધી. તેમણે તેમની દલીલ ચાલુ રાખી, તેમનો અવાજ અડગ રહ્યો, અને કેસ જીતી લીધો. તેમણે તેમની વિનાશક અંગત દુર્ઘટનાના સમાચાર કોર્ટની કાર્યવાહી પૂરી થયા પછી જ આપ્યા.

આ એ માણસ હતા જે પાંત્રીસ વર્ષની ઉંમરે લંડન ગયા, તેમની બારની પરીક્ષાઓ અતૂટ ધ્યાનથી પાસ કરી, અને એક સમૃદ્ધ પ્રેક્ટિસ બનાવવા માટે પાછા ફર્યા. ૧૯૧૦ના દાયકાની શરૂઆતમાં, તેઓ સ્વતંત્રતા સેનાનીના સંપૂર્ણ વિરોધી હતા. તેમના જીવનચરિત્રકાર, બલરાજ કૃષ્ણ, "ટિપ-ટોપ અંગ્રેજી શૈલીમાં સજ્જ એક સ્માર્ટ યુવાન"નું ચિત્ર રજૂ કરે છે, જે એક ચેન-સ્મોકિંગ, બ્રિજ-રમતા બેરિસ્ટર હતા, જેઓ ઉભરતા ભારતીય સ્વતંત્રતા સંગ્રામને ઉદાસીનતાથી જોતા હતા. જ્યારે મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી, તાજેતરમાં દક્ષિણ આફ્રિકાથી પાછા ફર્યા, ૧૯૧૬માં ગુજરાત ક્લબની મુલાકાત લીધી, ત્યારે પટેલના સાથીઓ આદરમાં ઊભા થયા. પટેલ બેઠા રહ્યા, અને શૌચાલય સાફ કરવાની વાત કરનાર વ્યક્તિ પાસેથી પાઠ લેવાના વિચાર પર કથિત રીતે હસ્યા.

તેમ છતાં, એક જ વર્ષમાં, એક આશ્ચર્યજનક પરિવર્તન આવ્યું. સિવડાવેલા સૂટ ગયા, અને તેની જગ્યાએ સાદી, હાથથી કાંતેલી ધોતીએ લીધી. સિગારેટ અને પત્તા રમવાનું હંમેશા માટે છોડી દીધું. ઉદાસીન વકીલ ગાંધીના સૌથી વિશ્વાસુ અને અનિવાર્ય સેનાપતિઓમાંના એક બની ગયા હતા. પટેલે આ ગહન હૃદય પરિવર્તનની સમજૂતી આપતી કોઈ ડાયરી છોડી નથી, પરંતુ સંભવ છે કે તેમની યુવાનીની બળવાખોર ભાવનાએ મહાત્માના ખેડૂત અધિકારો માટેના ક્રાંતિકારી અભિયાનોમાં એક સમાન આત્માને ઓળખી લીધો હતો. ૧૯૧૮માં, તેમણે નડિયાદ સત્યાગ્રહમાં સાથે મળીને કામ કર્યું. જ્યારે ગાંધી ગયા, ત્યારે પટેલે કમાન સંભાળી, અને નેતૃત્વની એક આશ્ચર્યજનક ક્ષમતા પ્રગટ કરી. કૃષ્ણએ નોંધ્યું, "જો ગાંધી પાસે તેમની દ્રઢતાને છુપાવવા માટે વાણિયા જેવી સૌમ્ય, વિનમ્ર છાલ હતી, તો પટેલ પાસે એક સૈનિકની સ્પષ્ટતા અને એક આયોજકની ચતુરાઈ હતી."

૧૯૨૮ના બારડોલી સત્યાગ્રહ દરમિયાન તેમની પ્રતિષ્ઠા એક કુદરતી શક્તિ તરીકે સ્થાપિત થઈ. અઠવાડિયાઓ સુધી, તેમણે ખેડૂતોને બ્રિટિશ સરકારને કર ચૂકવણીનો ઇનકાર કરવા માટે એકઠા કર્યા, અને સંપૂર્ણ નાગરિક બંધનું નિર્માણ કર્યું. તેમણે ધરપકડો, મિલકત જપ્તી અને ભારે દબાણ સહન કર્યું, અતૂટ સંકલ્પ સાથે સ્થિર રહ્યા. તેમનો આદેશ એટલો નિરપેક્ષ હતો કે ટાઇમ્સ ઓફ ઇન્ડિયાએ ટિપ્પણી કરી, "બારડોલીમાં લોખંડી શિસ્ત પ્રવર્તે છે. શ્રી પટેલે ત્યાં એક બોલ્શેવિક શાસન સ્થાપિત કર્યું હતું જેમાં તેઓ લેનિનની ભૂમિકા ભજવે છે." અહીં જ તેમને તે પદવી આપવામાં આવી જે તેમની વિરાસતને વ્યાખ્યાયિત કરશે: 'સરદાર', એટલે કે મુખ્ય. તેઓ ગાંધીના ડેપ્યુટી કમાન્ડર, ભારતીય રાષ્ટ્રીય કોંગ્રેસના નિર્વિવાદ લોખંડી પુરુષ બન્યા. જોકે, આ નિકટતાની એક કિંમત હતી. ૧૯૪૬માં, પક્ષના રેન્ક અને ફાઇલમાંથી પ્રમુખપદ માટે ભારે સમર્થન હોવા છતાં - એક એવું પદ જે તેમને ભારતના પ્રથમ વડાપ્રધાન બનાવત - ગાંધીએ વધુ આંતરરાષ્ટ્રીય સ્તરે માન્ય જવાહરલાલ નેહરુને પસંદ કર્યા.

જ્યારે નેહરુ વિશ્વ સમક્ષ ભારતનો ચહેરો બનવાના હતા, ત્યારે પટેલ તેના આત્મા - તેની એકતા પર કેન્દ્રિત હતા. માઉન્ટબેટન સાથેની તેમની ભાગ્યશાળી મુલાકાત પહેલાં જ, તેમણે ૫૬૫ રજવાડાઓ પર તેમની નજર રાખી હતી, જે ઉપખંડનો બે-પાંચમો ભાગ બનાવતા અસંગત, નિરંકુશ રાજ્યો હતા. પટેલ માટે, આ રાજ્યો એક કાલગ્રસ્ત અવશેષ હતા, સાચી સ્વતંત્રતા અથવા સ્વરાજ માટે અવરોધ. "ભારતના નકશા પરના લાલ અને પીળા રંગોને એક કરવા પડશે," તેમણે બ્રિટિશ અને રજવાડી પ્રદેશોનો ઉલ્લેખ કરતા જાહેર કર્યું. એક રાજકીય પરિષદમાં, તેમણે તેમના વિચારો સ્પષ્ટપણે રજૂ કર્યા, રાજકુમારો અને બ્રિટિશ સામ્રાજ્ય વચ્ચેના સંબંધને "સંપૂર્ણ બકવાસ, જેમ કે સિંહ અને શિયાળ વચ્ચેની મિત્રતા!" તરીકે વખોડ્યો. તેમણે શાસકોને દૈવી રીતે નિયુક્ત સાર્વભૌમ તરીકે નહીં, પરંતુ તેમના લોકોના કલ્યાણના માત્ર ટ્રસ્ટી તરીકે જોયા.

તેઓ માત્ર શબ્દોના માણસ નહોતા, પણ ઝડપી, નિર્ણાયક પગલાંના પણ માણસ હતા. તેમણે રજવાડાઓના જટિલ સંકટોને વ્યૂહાત્મક પ્રતિભાથી સંભાળવાનું શીખ્યા. ૧૯૩૮માં, મૈસૂરમાં, તેમણે કોંગ્રેસના કાર્યકરો અને રાજ્ય દળો વચ્ચે કુશળતાપૂર્વક સમાધાન કરાવ્યું, જેમાં એક સોદો થયો કે કોંગ્રેસનો ધ્વજ રાજ્યના ધ્વજની સાથે લહેરાશે - રાષ્ટ્રવાદ માટે એક પ્રતીકાત્મક વિજય. તેમ છતાં, જ્યારે વાટાઘાટો નિષ્ફળ ગઈ, ત્યારે તેઓ સંપૂર્ણ મુકાબલા માટે તૈયાર હતા. રાજકોટમાં, જ્યારે એક નવા, માર્ગભ્રષ્ટ શાસકે તેના પિતાની ચૂંટાયેલી સભાને બરતરફ કરી, ત્યારે પટેલે સવિનય કાનૂનભંગનું બહુ-પાંખીય અભિયાન શરૂ કર્યું: હડતાલ, બહિષ્કાર, રાજ્યની બેંક પર પણ દરોડો. જ્યારે રાજ્યના દીવાનએ પટેલની પોતાની પુત્રી અને ગાંધીની પત્ની સહિતના કાર્યકરોને જેલમાં પૂરીને જવાબ આપ્યો, ત્યારે મહાત્મા પોતે રાજકોટ ગયા અને આમરણાંત ઉપવાસ શરૂ કર્યા. સંકટ ત્યાં સુધી વધ્યું જ્યાં સુધી વાઇસરોય, લોર્ડ લિનલિથગોને હસ્તક્ષેપ કરવાની ફરજ પડી, અને અંતે પટેલના પક્ષમાં નિર્ણય આવ્યો.

આ તે માણસ હતા જેમને માઉન્ટબેટન ૨૬ માર્ચ, ૧૯૪૭ના રોજ મળ્યા હતા. માત્ર એક પક્ષના કઠોર વ્યક્તિ નહીં, પરંતુ સંગઠનાત્મક કમાન, લોકપ્રિય સંઘર્ષ અને ઉચ્ચ-જોખમની વાટાઘાટોમાં દાયકાઓના અનુભવ સાથેના એક માસ્ટર વ્યૂહરચનાકાર. તેઓ એકમાત્ર એવા વ્યક્તિ હતા જેમની પાસે રજવાડાઓની કોયડો ઉકેલવાની દ્રષ્ટિ, ઇચ્છાશક્તિ અને નિર્દયતા હતી. જ્યારે તેઓ વાઇસરોયલ લોજની શાંત ભવ્યતામાં બેઠા, ત્યારે બે દુનિયાઓ ટકરાઈ અને સામાન્ય ભૂમિ શોધી. રોયલ નેવીના શાહી એડમિરલ અને ગુજરાતના એક ખેડૂતના પુત્ર, છેલ્લા વાઇસરોય અને ભવિષ્યના નાયબ વડાપ્રધાન, તેમણે એકબીજામાં તે ચોક્કસ ભાગીદાર શોધી કાઢ્યો જેની તેમને આવનારા તોફાનમાંથી માર્ગ કાઢવા માટે જરૂર હતી. 'પાગલખાના'ના હવે બે રખેવાળ હતા, અને આધુનિક ભારતના શિલ્પીના સ્થિર હાથ હેઠળ, એકીકૃત રાષ્ટ્રનું નિર્માણ ખરેખર શરૂ થઈ શકતું હતું. તેમની વિરાસત, એકતા પ્રત્યેની અટલ પ્રતિબદ્ધતા પર બનેલીભારતીય સ્વતંત્રતા ઇતિહાસનો પાયાનો પથ્થર બની રહી છે અને સમગ્ર વિશ્વ માટે રાજનીતિમાં એક શક્તિશાળી પાઠ છે.


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Unity – Ekta – 2 - Quotes by Sardar Patel

Ekta - Quotes by Sardar Patel


Unity : - We have to shed mutual bickerings, shed the difference of being high or low and develop the sense of equality and banish untouchability. We have to restore the conditions of Swaraj prevalent prior to British rule. We have to live like a children of the same father.

(Date : 21st January 1942, During Quit India Movement)


एकता : - हमें पारस्परिक कलह छोडना है, उच्च या निम्न होने का अंतर बहाल करना और समानता की भावना विकसित करना और अस्पृश्यता को खत्म करना है। हमें ब्रिटिश शासन से पहले स्वराज की परिस्थितियों को बहाल करना होगा। हमें एक ही पिता के बच्चों की तरह जीना है।

(दि. : २१ जनवरी १९४२, भारत छोडो आंदोलन के दौरान)

એકતા : - આપણે પરસ્પર ઝઘડાઓ કરવાનું બંધ કરવુ જોઈએ, ઉચ કે નીચા તફાવતને એક સરખો કરવાનો છે અને સમાનતાની ભાવનાનો વિકાસ કરવો જોઈએ અને અસ્પૃશ્યતાને દૂર કરવી જોઈએ. આપણે બ્રિટીશ શાસન પહેલા સ્વરાજની સ્થિતિને પુનઃસ્થાપિત કરવી પડશે. આપણે એક જ પિતાના બાળકોની જેમ જીવવું પડશે.

(તા : ૨૧ જાન્યુઆરી ૧૯૪૨, ભારત છોડો આંદોલન દરમ્યાન)

TODAY THAT DAY : 09 DECEMBER 1947

INDIA AND PAKISTAN AGREE


Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Deputy Prime Minister of India, told the Constituent Assembly in New Delhi to-day that complete agreement had been reached between the Dominion of India and Pakistan on all outstanding issues relating to partition, including those affecting the armed forces.


Nottingham Evening Post - Tuesday, December 9, 1947

TODAY THAT DAY : 07 DECEMBER 1946

CRISIS MAY BE POSTPONED


Political circles in New Delhi were not surprised by the inconclusive results of the London talks. One Congress spokesman said that a crisis may be postponed for some months, which would provide yet another opportunity for a settlement.


Vallabhbhai Patel "Strong Man" of the Indian Congress, declared to-day he felt certain that as soon as vital Moslem interests are at stake, the Moslem League will enter the Constitutional Assembly.


 


THE YORKSHIRE EVENING POST - SATURDAY, DECEMBER 7, 1947

THE LEADER

Saturday, October 15, 1949


The greatest chastisement that a man may receive who hath outraged another, is to have done the outrage; and there is no man so rudely punished as he that is subject to the whip of his own repentance. SENECA.

G L O R I O U S REVOLUTION


The highlight of the proceedings of the Constituent Assembly on Wednesday was Sardar Patel's speech on the "bloodless revolution" in the states. The British ruling classes have rendered many and grave disservices to India during their regime in this country. Their last disservice before their departure from India was the enunciation of the doctrine of lapse of paramountcy. According to this doctrine, each one of the states in India became an independent kingdom on August 15, 1947. If this doctrine had been carried out, India would have been ruined. In unity lies strength. The doctrine of lapse implied India's fragmentation. There are about 600 states in India. If every one of the 600 states had become independent, the result would have been chaos. Sardar Patel averted this disaster.

Sardar Patel's achievement has surprised both friends and foes. British political officers who had been inciting the rulers of states against the Congress left India full of hope that not one of the states would accede to the Indian Union. But a miracle happened. Before the first contingent of ex-British bureaucrats reached Aden on their way to England, the majority of states had acceded to the Indian Union.


But Sardar Patel realized that accession was not enough. The instruments of accession executed by the rulers provided for the accession of states to the Indian Union on only three subjects, namely defence, external affairs and communications. The administration of the states was inefficient and corrupt and the establishment of modern standards of administration was beyond their means. What was needed besides accession was the consolidation of states into sizable administrative units. This reform has been carried out. The states, with the exception of half-a-dozen, have merged either in unions of states or in provinces. Today the relations of the Central Government with the states are the same as those with the provinces not only in respect of defence, external affairs and communications, but in respect of defence, external affairs and communications, but in respect of all subjects. In other words, India is one.

It is remarkable fact that in spite of the efforts of British Political officers to alienate the princes from Indian National leaders, the process of unification was carried out with the support and cooperation of the people and the rulers of the states. Sardar Patel encountered opposition in very few states. The Nawab of Junagarh who had promised to accede to India broke his promise and surreptitiously acceded to Pakistan. But he had reckoned without his host. The people who wanted that Junagarh should accede to India rose in revolt and the Nawab fled Junagarh and took refuge in Pakistan. The Nawab of Bhopal acceded to India but he insisted that the state must retain its autonomy. In plain words, he wanted to remain in feudal chief. He announced a scheme of constitutional reforms. The people rejected the scheme. The reforms were a farce. The people wanted integration. The Nawab argued that the agitation for the merger of Bhopal was ill-timed and, therefor, ill-advised and, that the people would do well to realize the complications inherent in the situation. The people were not impressed by the argument. They replied that no complications arose when states bigger than Bhopal merged in the Madhya Bharat and that a voluntary surrender of his power would conduce to the Nawab's own interests. "Remember Junagarh", they said. The warning had the desired effect.

The States Ministry had to face opposition in Hyderabad owing to the fact that power in that state had been captured by a party of Fascists who called themselves Razakars. They declared Hyderabad an independent state. They received encouragement and support from Pakistan. But as the Razakars were hated by the people, the Indian army was able to occupy Hyderabad and free the Nizam from the clutches of the Razakars without much difficulty. Hyderabad is now as much a part of India as, say, Mysore. In fact, Hyderabad had never been independent during the last 200 years. The rulers of Pakistan supported the Razakars because they were interested in India's disruption. Kashmir acceded to India about two years ago. But Pakistanis argued that because the majority of the population of the state is Muslim, therefore, Kashmir should accede to Pakistan. Pakistanis invaded Kashmir and tried to occupy it by force. The invasion was a total failure. The Pakistanis who had invaded the beautiful Valley full of hopes of loot and victory, received a good beating. The Pakistanis may prevent a free and impartial plebiscite being held for sometime, but Sheikh Abdullah has demolished the two-nation theory and the accession of Kashmir to Pakistan is out of question. No Country ever witnessed such a glorious revolution. We achieved not only independence but we achieved, as Sardar Patel said, "The great ideal of geographical, political and economic unification of India an ideal which for centuries remained a distant dream and which appeared as remote and as difficult of attainment as ever even after the advent of Indian independence." The achievement is the result mainly of the efforts of Sardar Patel.. MAY HE LIVE LONG.

TODAY THAT DAY : 29 NOVEMBER 1933

MRS. GANDHI AGAIN ARRESTED


Disregards Magistrate's Warning.

Mrs. Gandhi was arrested this afternoon at Nadiad Railway Station, near here, while on her way to the village of Ras, where she announced she proposed to participate in civil disobedience. This makes the sixth time Mrs. Gandhi has been arrested within the last two years. She was to-day accompanied by the daughter of Mr. Vallabhbhai Patel, a leader of Congress and an intimate friend of Mr. Gandhi, who was also arrested.

The two were brought before the local magistrate, to whom they declared that they were on their way to Ras to conduct Congress propaganda. The magistrate thereupon served notices upon the two women requiring them not to participate in civil disobedience and to leave the Kaira district forthwith.

When they refused to comply with these orders Mrs. Gandhi and her companion were taken into custody.

THE NORTHERN WHIG AND BELFAST POST, Wednesday, November 29, 1933

TODAY THAT DAY : 26 NOVEMBER 1924

SWARAJIST DISCOURTESY


At a meeting of the Bombay Municipal Corporation Mr. V. J. Patel the Swarajist president announced that he had declined invitations to public functions arranged in the honor of the forthcoming visit of the Viceroy. "In accordance with his convictions and without meaning disrespect to the Viceroy as representative of the King." - (Reuter)

TODAY THAT DAY : 26 NOVEMBER 1947

HYDERABAD "POLITICAL WONDERLAND"

Moslem Ruler Wants State to be Third Dominion

From ALAN MOOREHEAD, "THE SCOTSMAN" SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT

Hyderabad, Tuesday. Hyderabad is a State one half the size of France with a population of 18,000,000 and a treasure in gold, money, and precious stones which is vaguely estimated at £400,000,000,000. The destiny of the State, the people, and the treasure is at this moment being decided in circumstances which one can only describe as haphazard, confused, and full of oriental mysticism.

Alone of all the Indian States Hyderabad has not acceded to either Pakistan of the Indian Union. It is the largest, the richest, and the most powerful State. And yet there is no British representative whatever here or, for that matter, the representative of any other foreign Power.

Hyderabad has no elected Government. The Opposition is in prison. It governs itself through an ancient feudal monarchy and a British political machine which has now been left running on its own momentum, unsupported, in a void. It is a political wonderland of a kind spectacular even for Asia.

The way of the visiting newspaper correspondent is not easy. HE arrives to find a country which is outwardly more prosperous and tranquil than almost any other in India. These quiet streets are the negation of crisis Neither in the bazaars nor in the Government buildings would you ever guess that Hyderabad is struggling for its existence and even mobilising in a vague sort of way against a possible invasion.

ALL POWERFUL NIZAM

The stranger is received with nothing but kindness. It is only when he begins to make inquiries about what is happening that the facts seem to evaporate in front of him; and presently he begins to realise that no official here can speak with authority, that the only real controller of events is the Moslem ruler himself, His Exalted Highness the Nizam.

And the Nizam is at prayers. He will remain at prayers, mourning the death of the grandson of the Prophet throughout the remainder of this week and part of next week as well. Everything stops for Mohurram, which is the most solemn observance of the Mohammedan Year.

The truth is, of course, that all this State is gripped by the long habit of obedience, of eventless days endlessly repeating themselves as inevitable a Royal house which has ruled in peace for two hundred years.

When the policemen's whistles blow sharply in the streets and the Nizam, a thin and lonely little man in an old hat, comes blowing along in a very old motor car on his way to the Mosque, when one roads on civic buildings "His Exalted Highness's Post office" or "His Exalted Highness's Bank" or "By His Exalted Highness's permission" when one sees the special Hyderabad stamps and the special currency notes when one hears stories of fabulous rooms at the Palace filled with sacks of slowly-decaying pearls guarded by 1500 Arab tribesmen-one must realise that all this has obtained the complete and apathetic acceptance of the people because thins have always been like this.

The modern read London buses, the excellent airport, the telephones, and the clean paved streets are simply a twentieth-century incrustation.

In Hyderabad every other day is a wedding or festival, a mourning or a funeral in the strict Wordsworthian sense; this sets the pace of life. These are the real things. The rest is a matter for the Nizam and for God.

CASE FOR INDEPENDENCE

Nevertheless, it is possible with patience to extract the fact of Hyderabad's case for independence. My authorities for what follows are a number of official letters which passed between Earl Mountbatten and the Nizam, and a talk with Nawab Moin Nawaz Jung, the State's chief negotiator, just before he left for Delhi this week in a last attempt to reach an understanding with Pandit Nehru - Prime Minster of the Dominion of India and Mr. Vallabhbhai Patel (Sardar Patel) Minister for Home and the States.

Hyderabad is different from every other Indian States because it is large and rich - larger and richer than most of the members of the United Nations-because it has a separate treaty with Britain, because it is an island of law and order on this continent, and because 80% of its inhabitants are Hindus and 20% Moslems.

In these circumstances it wishes to remain independent as a third Dominion in India. It is quite prepared, however, to fuse its economy, its defence, its communications, and its foreign policy with India. The only thing it will not give up is its sovereignty. It will not place itself under the entire control of the Government in Delhi.

Hyderabad to go on quoting the official case is being threatened and bullied by Delhi. A blockade, especially in petrol has begun. Indian troops are gathering on its borders in a menacing fashion. It has been deserted by Britain. It can get nothing out of Earl Mountbatten in Delhi but the repeated advice "You should accede to the Dominion of India." And Mr. Vallabhbhai Patel (Sardar Patel)  keeps making threatening speeches.

All this is unethical and unfair. It would be tedious to go into all the rebuttals of these points, all the devious negotiations which have dragged on between Hyderabad and Delhi for the last four months.

They even exhausted the powers of Sir Walter Monckton, the Nizam's legal adviser Sir Walter has returned to England.

What the Nizam is endeavouring to patch up now is a compromise, a standstill agreement which will preserve the status quo for another twelve months but this will solve nothing.

THE REAL ISSUES

To an outsider the real issues appear to be those of force. The Nizam, his ancestors, and a small group of Moslems have maintained power in this Hindu State since the eighteenth century, and they do not want to give it up. They cannot be independent because they have no ports and no effective army. They cannot accede to Pakistan because Pakistan is far away. They observe that the Indian Army has got itself heavily involved in Kashmir and it gives them some hope that they can go on playing for time.

To put it bluntly, the Nizam's best chance lies in the India and Pakistan so weakening them selves by quarreling with one another that they will leave Hyderabad alone.

In many ways one must sympathise with him. He feels, no doubt that the Delhi Government is a ramshackle structure full of political arrivists, communists, and other dangerous cranks.

Why should he surrender to them? Why throw away the traditions and dignities of two hundred years? What guarantees will be given? How shall his treasure be guarded? Will not riots break out between Moslem and Hindu once his power is gone? In the end will he not be forced to abdicate? Why have the British deserted him?

There can be only the gloomiest answers to these questions. And that is why Hyderabad is so peaceful this morning. It is the peace of intense anxiety.

Architect of Swaraj - 6

It was too much even for Gandhi. He wrote to Nehru, the Congress President, while forwarding the award, "It is my view that by his conduct in this matter, Nariman has proved himself unfit to hold any responsible position." Nehru placed the award before the Working Committee which resolved, "The Committee are of the opinion that in view of the findings in this report, and his (Nariman's) acceptance of them and his subsequent recalcitrance, his conduct has been such as to prove him unworthy of holding any position of trust and responsibility in the Congress organization."

Now let us turn to the Khare episode. Dr. Narayan Bhaskar Khare was the Chief Minister of Central Provinces. C. P. comprised Hindi Speaking and Marathi speaking areas. Soon after the Ministry was formed three ministers, namely D. P. Misra, R. S. Shukla and D. K. Mehta withheld their co-operation to their leader Dr. Khare. They charged some of the Ministers of Dr. Khare's cabinet of corruption and nepotism and submitted their resignations. Sardar Patel, however, intervened. He called a meeting on 24th May, 1931 at Panchmarhi and succeeded in resolving their differences. But these again came to the surface and the three Ministers continued to send complaints against Dr. Khare to Patel. They also withheld their co-operation to their leader. Dr. Khare asked them to resign but they refused. Then he tendered his resignation hoping that they too would resign but still they refused to resign. So the Governor asked for their resignations and when they refused their services were terminated. Next day the Governor invited Dr. Khare to form a Government which he did.

Constitutionally Dr. Khare did not do anything undemocratic and the action of the Governor was also not unjust. But the Congress Working Committee took exception to it. The Committee called Dr. Khare and held him guilty of approaching the Governor without first approaching the Congress Working Committee. He was also taken to Gandhi. Khare agreed to resign but declared his intention to contest for the leadership of the Party. This was not acceptable to the Working Committee and Gandhi who held him guilty. The Working Committee and the instance of Patel resolved that Dr. Khare was unworthy to hold any position in the Congress.

In 1939 the Second World War had started. In July, 1940 the position of England had become precarious. The Congress Working Committee offered their help to Britain if India was promised independence after the War. This, however, was not acceptable to Gandhi and he parted company with the Congress. This idea of conditional help was that of Rajaji and Sardar was its firm supporter. Patel had undergo mental anguish. On the one side was his loyalty to Gandhi and on the other side was his faith that non-violence would be of no avail in War time. But the Britishers had no mind to give freedom to India. They told the Congress to settle with the League. The Congress approached the League again and again got and a rebuff from Jinnah.

After the failure of Cripps Mission the Congress passed a resolution calling for the Britishers to quite India. The resolution was passed on the midnight of 8th August 1942 by the All - India Congress committee at Bombay. The resolution sought the withdrawal of British rule from India as an urgent necessity both for India and for the success of the cause of United Kingdom. As anticipated by Sardar Patel, a few hours after the resolution was passed the Government arrested all the important leaders of the Congress.

Lord Wavell, who had replaced Lord Linlithgow, was sympathetic to India. His first step in this direction was the release of all political leaders. He invited a conference of 21 leaders from all parties at Simla. The Conference met at Simla on June 25, 1945. Sardar Patel went to Simla but did not participate in the Conference.

The Conference failed because of Mr. Jinnah. Sardar Patel was unhappy over the failure of the Congress was outlawed Jinnah had used all his energy in strengthening his party. And it had become so powerful that Jinnah had acquired the power of veto in political matters.

India's chances, however, brightened when the Labour Government came to power on July 26, 1945. The Labour Government lost no time and on 19th September, 1945 the Prime Minister Clement Attlee announced that provincial autonomy would be restored to India after the elections, a Constituent Assembly would be set up as soon as possible to frame out future constitution and the Viceroy's Council would be reconstituted in consultation with the principal Indian Parties. This announcement was joyously greeted and the people felt that for the first time Government meant business. Both the Congress and the League started campaigning for the ensuing elections.

 

TO BE CONTINUE…..

Courtesy : ARCHITECT OF SWARAJ
Page – 88-89

Architect of Swaraj – 5


At the Congress session Gandhi announced his decision to resign from the Congress. This decision of Gandhi came as a shock to all the Congress workers. C. Rajagopalachari, Abul Kalam Azad and others appealed to Gandhi to reconsider his decision. Surprisingly, when all were appealing to Gandhi not to leave the Congress, Patel was the only person who supported his decision. On hearing him C. Rajagopalachari remarked, "Gandhiji has many blind followers who will not see anything with their own eyes but only with his. But Sardar Patel is a class by himself as a blind follower. His eyes are clear and bright. He can see everything but he deliberately allows his eyes to be blinded and attempts to see only with Gandhiji's eyes."

Once the Congress had decided to contest the elections, a Parliamentary Sub-Committee was set up with Sardar Patel as Chairman and Rajendra Prasad and Maulana Azad as Members. Patel was entrusted with the task of selecting the right candidates for the ensuing elections. This he did without fear and favour. He disappointed many personal friends and became very unpopular. He was charged with being a Fascist, a Hitler and even a Super Hitler. Some people even asserted that Patel had called himself a Super Hitler. But Patel remained undaunted by these attacks. He simply explained that he had laid down some criteria and that they would be scrupulously adhered to.

Shri C. Rajagopalachari photographed with Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. April 28, 1950.[/caption]

Patel also organised a campaign to educate the voters in the value of the vote. The prestige of the Congress was at stake. The Government felt that Congressmen were no longer popular with the masses. Patel was confident of his State - Gujarat. So he devoted all his time and energy to other states. And the results of the 1937 elections were an eye opener. The Congress had swept the polls. In five out of eleven provinces Madras, Bihar, Central Provinces, United Provinces and Orissa - The Congress won and absolute majority. In four states, i.e., N.W.F.P., Bombay, Bengal and Assam it was the largest single party. Only in Punjab and Sind was it in a minority.

The formation of Congress Ministries led to some internal problems of discipline and it led to two episodes - Nariman episode in Bombay and Khare episode in Central Provinces. K.F. Nariman was a well known congressman of Bombay. He was also the President of Bombay Provincial Congress Committee and it was expected that he would be the elected leader of the Congress Party in the legislature. But he was passed over for leadership in favour of B. G. Kher, may be because Nariman had badly let down the Congress in the previous election. Nariman was shocked.

The episode would have ended there had not some Parsi owned newspapers of Bombay taken up the cause of Nariman. The Bombay Samachar and the Sentinel openly wrote that Nariman had been passed over because Patel "brought to bear improper pressure on Members of the Legislature to reject him."

The Press published Nariman's grievances and led a malicious campaign against Patel. Nariman wrote to Jawaharlal Nehru who was the President of the Congress for that year to intervene. Nehru replied to him that he was prepared to place his case before the Working Committee. But Nariman felt that the decisions of the Working Committee would not be impartial. To this Nehru replied rather sternly that "since the Working Committee unfortunately does not enjoy your confidence, you can go to the Privy Council or League of Nations or any other tribunal in which you have confidence." After receiving this rather stiff letter Nariman turned to Gandhi. During his time he was issuing many statements and the Press was carrying on propaganda against Patel. It was even mentioned that Nariman was dropped for he was a Parsi.

Gandhi wanted to end this controversy and wrote to Nariman that he and D. N. Bahadurji were prepared to arbitrate if the tribunal was acceptable to him. Nariman agreed to it. There were two different matters to be enquired into :

  1. Nariman's conduct and attitude in 1934 election.

  2. Election of leader to Bombay Parliamentary Party in March 1937.


The award or the tribunal was "that the charge against Mr. Nariman in respect of the election of 1934 is proved and the charge made by Mr. Nariman against Sardar Patel is not proved." When the award was shown to Nariman by Gandhi he accepted it. But a week later he rejected the award and said that he had signed it at a time of mental depression.

 

TO BE CONTINUE…..

Courtesy : ARCHITECT OF SWARAJ
Page – 86-87

Architect of Swaraj – 4

He   accepted   the   invitation only when pressed by Gandhi. Many talukas of Maharashtra were threatened with increase in land revenue and the  people sought the opinion of Vallabhbhai Patel. He told them plainly that such campaigns could be successful if the peasants had no fear of the Government and were prepared to suffer.


Next  Patel  was  invited  by  C.  Rajagopalachari   to  be  the President of Tamil Nadu Political  Conference. Sensing the reluctance of Vallabhbhai Patel, he requested  Gandhi to  intervene. Sardar agreed at the instance  of  Gandhi. The Conference was held at Vedaranyam in August. After  the  Conference  he  toured  along with Rajaji all over the province  and  spoke in every village he visited. In almost all his speeches he stressed  the need for constructive work and the futility of shouting slogans, passing resolutions and making speeches. He asked the people to unite and forget their quarrels and bickerings. And when he noticed the controversy between the Brahmins and the non-Brahmins in that province, he was greatly perturbed and said, "Why are you so envious of Brahmins ? What harm have they done ? Do you not know what harm  those other  Brahmins (the British) have done both to you and to these Brahmins ? Those people have come from 5.000 miles to rule over this country and have become the real" Brahmins. They have no caste and yet both you and the Brahmins worship them as if they were Brahmins."

From Tamil Nad  Patel went to Karnatak at the instance of Gangadhar Rao Deshpande who was trying hard to establish a Peasant League there. In all he addressed ten meetings. The main theme of these speeches was that people should give up the fear of Government officers and of jails. He exhorted them to give up foreign cloth and drink and petty quarrels.

When he was delivering these speeches Gangadhar Rao felt as if B.G. Tilak himself was speaking. Earlier, Rajaji too had felt like that. After Karnatak, Patel toured  Bihar for about a fortnight. He was pained to see the peasants suffering endlessly at the bands of zamindars.

Asking them not to fear death, he said, "Why are you afraid of death? Is the zamindar immortal?  One has to die but once. But it is neither for the Government nor the zamindar to say when you are to die. That is in the hands of God."At a meeting he castigated the people of Bihar for having kept their women in purdah. He said "Are you not ashamed that you keep your women in Purdah? Who are these ladies. Your mothers, your sisters, your wives. Do you really believe that only by keeping them in Purdah you can look after their chastity?" He further added, "If I could I would say to these ladies: Rather than be wives to such cowardly husbands, divorce them."

Patel's tours proved very useful. Everywhere he exhorted people to face tyranny and become fearless and thus prepared the masses for the next satyagraha. It also made Patel very popular. When the Lahore session of the Indian National Congress was to be held he was tipped for Presidentship. But he politely declined the offer as Mahatma Gandhi wanted Jawaharlal Nehru to be the President. So Jawaharlal Nehru was elected President though ten provinces had recommended the name of Patel and only three had recommended the name of Nehru.

Patel was not tempted by the lure of office. He devoted his time and energy to educating the people for the forthcoming Civil Disobedience Movement. Gandhi was to commence his Satyagraha March on 12th March from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi along with 78 other followers. Patel was going ahead of Gandhi to rouse the people and prepare them for Civil Disobedience. He told them not to be afraid of jails, not to join the struggle in large numbers and to fill the prisons. When he had gone to address one such meeting at Ras on March 7, he was restrained by Magistrate from addressing the meeting. As he insisted on making the speech he was arrested before he had uttered a sentence and was sentenced to three months and there weeks imprisonment. Patel was released on 26th June and again devoted his time to infusing new spirit in the people. He told them that they would feel more happy in such times to be inside the jail than outside. Patel was again arrested on 1st August for participating in procession to mark Tilak's death anniversary. He was released in November, 1930 and was served with a prohibitory order against making speeches. He delivered a harmless speech on the opening of a khadi bhandar at Bombay. This was quite a good excuse for the Government and they arrested him and sentenced him to 9 months imprisonment. But before he could complete his term he was released in March along with other members of the Congress Working Committee so that they could be in Delhi for consultation with Gandhi who was holding talks with the Viceroy. The outcome of these talks was the Gandhi Irwin pact which was signed on 5th March. According to this Pact,  all political prisoners were released. The Congress agreed to take part in the Second Round Table Conference and called off the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Patel become the President of the Congress session which was held in Karachi at the end of March, 1931. The youth of the country were agitated, for, a day before the Congress session commenced, Bhagat Singh had been executed with his two associate, Raj Guru and Sukhdeo for having murdered a police officer, Mr. Saunders. Bhagat Singh was at that time at the pinnacle of his glory and people had asked Gandhi to exercise his influence with the Viceroy and save his life. Gandhi had tried his best but failed. People resented this and asked Gandhi how, if he could not save Bhagat Singh, he could expect to gain anything with his non-violence.

In his presidential address which was brief, concise and to the point, he said, "You have called a simple farmer to the highest office to which any Indian can aspire."

The most difficult task of the session was to get the Gandhi Irwin Pact approved. Patel told the youth that he was aware that many young friends were deeply hurt by this agreement. He assured them that "if nothing comes out of the Conference the struggle would be resumed. That might mean that we allow six months to slip away." He counselled patience to the youth and said, "Gandhiji is now almost 63 years old, I am 56. Should we, the old,be anxious for Independence or you, the young? because we are interested in seeing India Independent before we die, it is we who are far more anxious, and in a greater hurry than you--why all this impatience."

The young men saw reason and passed the resolution approving Gandhi-Irwin Pact. Strangely enough, Jawaharlal Nehru, who was deadly against this pact, himself moved the resolution. Thus ended the Karachi Session.

As anticipated, nothing came out of the Round Table Conference. Gandhi returned to India on 28th December, 1931 and found that repressive measures had been started in his absence. Both Gandhi and Patel were arrested in Bombay on 4th January, 1932 and both were lodged together in Yeravda Jail.

When Patel was in jail a conference was held at Delhi by the Congress leaders who favoured Council-entry under the chairmanship of Dr. Ansari. Gandhi did not want to stand in their way and issued a statement on 7th April, 1934 suspending Civil Disobedience Movement. Once the Movement was suspended the Government gave up repressive measures and released all political prisoners and also lifted the ban on the Congress.

 

TO BE CONTINUE…..

Courtesy : ARCHITECT OF SWARAJ
Page – 83-85

TODAY THAT DAY : 18 NOVEMBER 1940

India Congress Leader's Arrest


 

Ahmedabad, Sunday.

Mr. Vallabhbhai Patel, chairman of All-India Congress Parliamentary Committee, was arrested today under the Defence Rules.,

It had been reported on Saturday that Mr. Patel was to court arrest by resorting to "Civil Disobedience" by any-war activities.--Reuter.

TODAY THAT DAY : 15 NOVEMBER 1930

DELHI NEWSPAPERS RAIDED


Several police raids were made on Congress premises in Delhi yesterday and property and pamphlets were seized (reports the British United Press)


The branch offices of the India National Congress, the Women's Congress offices, the offices of the "Hindustan Times" and those of the Jawahar Press, as well as the residences of the editor and publisher of the newspapers, were visited and 2,000 copies of a pamphlet were seized.


This pamphlet was entitled "Eight Week's Interlude," and was written by Pundit Jawaharlal Nehru, former President of the Indian National Congress, who had been prosecuted for his activities in the passive resistance movement.


Kharak Bahadur Singh, who was with Gandhi in the raid on the Dharsana salt pans, was arrested at the railway station while on his way to meet Mr. Vallabhai Patel at Ahmedabad

THE MEDICAL AMMENDMENT BILL

We are really sorry that the BIll to amend the Medical Registration Act, which tbe Hon. Mr. V. J. Patel introduced in the Bombay' Legislative Council, was thrown ont on its first reading. The voting was 20 for and 24 against the Bill. A rather amusing incident occurred when the Council passed to the next item of business. Mr. Patel asked the PresIdent whether the three gentlemen who had been appointed to the Council as “experts" for the special purpose of the Medical Bill, were entitled to take part in tbe other business before the Counctl. His Excellency replied that they were not, and the three gentlemen had to make a hasty exit from the Council Chamber. But for tbese three gentlemen,
the majority against Mr. Patel's Bill would have been only one. The position of the “expert" nominated in such circumstances is somewhat ridiculous, and we hope that, in future, whenever "experts" are appointed, it may be possible to so arrange things as to enable them to make their exit in a less conspicnous manner. We have beard some flippant Similes regarding the part of the three medical "experts" at the legislatIve fanction in connection with the Medical Bill, and it is due to the gentlemen whom Government are pleased to honour in that way that they should not be exposed to cheap raillery. The provision in Mr. Patel's Bill which evoked opposition was that which sought to exclude expressly the study, practice, management of institutions, and professional association with practitioners, of “the Ayorvedic, Unani, or other indigenous systems of medicine," from the category of “infamous conduct" under the Act. The Medical Council in Bombay seems to have taken action against a gentleman who conducts an Ayurvedic College for "infamons conduct," and the Bill sought to provide against similar contingencies in future. Sir Mahadev Chaubal’s argument that there is an appeal against the Medical Council’s decision to Government, and against Government’s decision to the High Court, is not to the point which is that it is improper for a body of medical men exclusively of one school, organised under the auspices of and subsidised by Government, to declare it “infamous” conduct on the part of any medical man even to associate as a consultant with an Ayurvedic or Unani practitioner. “Infamous” of course, has a technical significance, but even so, if this pretension does not mean that the Ayurvedic and Unani doctors are to be ragarded as “untonchables” and pariahs of the profession, we do not know what it does mean. The phrase “or other indigenous systems of medicine” was, of course vague and lent itself easily to attack. Sir Mahadev Chaubal took advantage of it and raised, or attempted to raise, a laugh in the Council by referring to naka dolacha vaidya, wayside eye doctors, who, according to the Hon. Member, swarmed about the gates of Government House in Poona, as likely to be included in Mr. Patel’s category. If it is the fact that these vaidyas haunt the road near Government House, His Excellency, with his constant consideration for those needing help, as splendidly illustrated by his placing Government House at Mahableshwar at disposal of the families of officers who have gone to the front, will, perhaps, consider the desirability of establishing an eye hospital or dispensary in the neighbourhood of Government House whose splendours would seem to have an injurious effect on the eyes of those who frequent its vicinity. If Sir Mahadev had been less anxious to score a superficial point, and more desirous of helping to improve this piece of entirely reasonable legislation, he might have suggested to Mr. Patel, in Select Committee, to insert the word “recognised” in the loosely-worded phrase. “Other recognised indigenous systems,” will mean systems which have a literature behind them, and which are taught and learnt in a systematic manner. The result of the voting in the Council on Mr. Patel’s Bill is to leave matters worse than they were before it was introduced. The Ayurvedic and Unani systems have been pronounced by several speakers, official and other, to be quackery. The average man, no doubt, will still prefer to be healed by a quack to die unattended out of deference to the susceptibilities of the Medical Council. He will not be deterred by the verdict of the Council from resorting to the practitioner who can treat his ailments at a charge within his means. We have ourselves known at least one case, for which practitioners of the official system could do nothing, so thoroughly cured by an indigenous doctor (a Mahomedan) that subsequest of medical examination by the official doctors failed to reveal the least trace of the rheumatism. When the whilom suflerer told the examiners that he has had a bad attack of rheumatism they said it could not have been rheumatism, as every attack leaves some trace of it on the patient’s heart. This Mahomedan gentleman, belonged to the family of hereditary physicians to the Raja of Taujore. He was not himself a direct descendant but he had married the daughter of the Court Physician. This lady had acquired such a competent know ledge of her father’s science that when her husband, the practitioner, felt any difficulties about a case, he used to go behind the curtain which separated his zenana from his consulting room, and take the advice of his wife as to the course of treatment to be followed.

 

The only effect of the Bill being thrown out by the Council, will be to dater the medical graduates of our Universities from interesting themselves in the indigenous systems. This is a pity, because it is they that can best sift the chaff from the grain, and assimilate to Medical Science, which belongs neither to the East nor to the West, all that is valuable in the Indian systems. Any one who ventures to openly associate himself with Ayurvedic or Unani studies may be branded for “infamous conduct”. but we are sure that this will not deter all of them from taking up the study of the old systems. Even if there is nothing in them, it is better to have it conclusively established that this is the case. We, of course, have no sympathy with orthodoxy in any form. We have been recently reading a very suggestive work entitled “Professionalism and Originality,” in which the writer maintains that professionalism kills originality. Qualified medical men who are stigmatised as quakes, because of their study of the indigenous systems, may take comfort from the fact that the great Pasteur had to suffer similar indignity at the hands of the professionals of his time. Nobody wants to supersede modern anatomy or surgery by the ancient methods. But there are other departments of the healing art, in regard which modern medical science is quite as empirical as the more ancient systems. It is here that the study of the indigenous systems is likely to be most fruitful. His Excellency th Governor threw out the suggestion that the indigenous systems must have their own seperate organisation. This can be done only if Government extend to them some measure of patronage as in the case of the modern orthodox system. His Highness the Nizam’s Government supports both the modern and the indigenous systems by official recognition and liberal grants. We should be glad if the Government of Bombay follow this excellent example. Only in that case, can His Excellency’s suggestion become a practical proposition.

 

Indian Social Reformer : October 14, 1917 Page : 76

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