TRIBUTE TO SARDAR PATEL

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ખરી પડેલો ચમકતો તારો – હિંદના લાડીલા “સરદાર”


“મારી ઈંતેજારી તો જ્યા મહાત્મા ગાંધીજી, કસ્તુરબા અને મહાદેવ દેસાઈ ગયા છે ત્યાં જવાની છે. છતાં થોડાંક વર્ષ આ દુનિયામાં હજુ રહેવા ઈચ્છું છું. તેઓની ઈચ્છાથી જ તેઓનું કાર્ય પુરૂ કરવા હું અહી રહ્યો છું.” – સરદાર પટેલ – ઓક્ટોબર ૩૧મી ના ૭૫મી વર્ષગાંઠની આગલી સાંજે સાબરમતી આશ્રમમાં આ ઉદ્દ્ગારો કાઢ્યા હતા.

અને આજે તેઓએ સૌને અખંડ ભારતની ભેટ આપીને શુક્રવાર તા. ૧૫-૧૨-૫૦ના રોજ સવારે ૯ કલાક અને ૩૭ મિનીટે સરદાર શ્રી વલ્લભભાઈ પટેલ મુંબઈમાં દેહ છોડી ચાલ્યા ગયા. અને પોતાની ઈચ્છા પુર્ણ કરી.  અવસાનના આશરે દોઢ મહિના પહેલા જ તેઓ ગુજરાત આવ્યા હતા. તે વખતે તેમની ૭૬મી વર્ષગાંઠ ઉજવાયેલ તે સમયે સરદાર સાહેબની તબિયત ઢીલી હોવા છતાં સરદાર સાહેબ દરેકને મળવાનો પ્રયત્ન કરતા હતા. અને આખું ગુજરાત જાણે એક મહોત્સવ ઉજવી રહ્યું હોય તેવો માહોલ સર્જાયો હતો. ગુજરાતને તેમના દર્શન થયા અને જતા પહેલાં તેઓ પોતે પણ આંખ ભરીને તેઓ પોતાની કર્મભૂમી અને ત્યાંના તેમના જુના સાથીઓને જોઈ શક્યા.

 ગુજરાતની ફુલપાંખડી સ્વીકારીને તેઓ અમદાવાદ થી દિલ્હી ગયા ત્યારે તેમને મનમાં એમ હતું ખરુ કે, હજી ગુજરાતના બીજા ભાગોમાં જવાનું બાકી છે તે ફરી જાન્યુઆરીમાં કરીશ. એમ બે હપ્તે ગુજરાતનાં સૌ ભાઈ બહેનો અને કાર્યકર્તાઓને મળવાનો ખ્યાલ હતો. પરંતુ દિલ્હી ગયા પછી તેમની તબિયત વધુ બગડી અને તેમને મુંબઈ લાવ્યા. અહી આવીને ૨-૩ દિવસ તો સારૂ લાગ્યું એટલે સૌને થયું કે, મુંબઈની હવા તેમની તબિયતમાં સુધારો લાવશે. પરંતુ લોકોને ક્યાં ખબર હતી કે ઓલવાતા દીવાનો એ છેલ્લો ચમકારો હતો. ગુરૂવાર રાત પછી તેમની તબિયત કથળી અને શુક્રવારે સવારે તેમણે દેહત્યાગ કર્યો.

દેશ માટે આઘાત જનક સમાચાર અને કોઈને પણ આંચકો લાગે તેવા સમાચાર હતા. ૧૯૪૭થી દેશનું જે ઘડતર થઈ રહ્યુ હતું તેમા સરદાર એક આધાર સ્તંભ હતા. અને ગુજરાતે તો પોતાનું શિરછત્ર ગુમાવ્યું. ૧૯૧૫થી શરૂ થયેલો યુગનો અંત આવ્યો.

સ્વરાજ લાવવા માટે શું કરવું? લડવું કેવી રીતે? પ્રજાને તે વિષે તાલીમ શી રીતે આપવી? આ સવાલ ફક્ત સરદાર સાહેબનો જ નહોતો પરંતુ ૧૯૧૫ પછી તો કોંગ્રેસ અને આખા દેશનો હતો. અને એટલેજ ગાંધીજી અને તેમની સાથે સરદાર એકદમ અખિલ હિંદની ભુમિકામાં પહોચી ગયા. સરદારે ગુજરાતનું કામ સંભાળી લઈ ગાંધીજીને દેશના વ્યાપક ક્ષેત્રને માટે નવરાશ કરી આપી. ગાંધીજીના ગુજરાતના બધાંજ કામો સંભાળવા એ સરદારનું સહજ કાર્ય બની ગયું. અને કેમ ન બને આખરે ગુજરાતનો દીકરો ગુજરાતનો આપ્તજન બને તે સ્વાભાવિક છે. તેમણે ગુજરાતની પ્રાંતિક સમીતીઓ દ્વારા નાના મોટા બધા સેવાકાર્યો આ સંસ્થાની પાંખ તળે રહી હુંફ મેળવતા થયા. અને ગુજરાતમાં એક સર્વ સમન્વિત ઢબે રચનાત્મક કાર્યક્રમ કરવા માટે તંત્ર ઊભું થઈ શક્યું. વલ્લાભભાઈની આ સંગઠન શક્તિ અને કુટુમ્બભાવ દ્વારા જ ગુજરાત પોતાના સેવાકાર્યો દ્વારા પ્રજાની તાકાત તથા પોતાનું હીર પ્રગટ કરી શકાય એ ખાતરી આપી શક્યુ.

આ બધામાં એક મોટી શરત હતી કે તેને જે ન સમજે તે સરદારને પણ ન સમજી શકે અને એ શરત હતી સ્વરાજની. સ્વરાજ મેળવવા માટે આત્મશુધ્ધિ કરીને પ્રજાને સ્વાવલંબી ને બળવાન કરવાની હતી. જે કાર્ય કે તેને કરનાર વ્યક્તિ કે સંસ્થા ગાંધીજીના મૂળમંત્રને ન સમજે તેને સરદારની નજરમાં સ્થાન ન મળી શકે. સરકાર પોતાની ન હોવા છતાં પ્રજા પોતાના આપબળે કામ કરી શકે છે તે સરદારે સાબિત કરી બતાવ્યું. પ્રત્યક્ષ જે કાંઈ જરૂર હોય તેને મોજુદા સાધનો વડે પહોચી વળીને પણ પ્રજાની તાકાત વધારવી, જેથી સૌ સારા વાના થશે, તે તેમની બાળપણની સાદી સમજ છે. અને સામાન્ય ગુજરાતીની પણ વહેવાર માટે એજ સમજ હોય છે. તેથી જ સરદારને ગુજરાતના બધા વર્ગો પોતાના કહી શકતા હતા. અને આ સમજને ગાંધીજીના આદર્શ ખાતે અર્પણ કરી.

મગનભાઈ દેસાઈએ તો તા: ૨૧-૧૨-૫૦ “હરીજન બંધુમાં” તો ત્યાં સુધી કહ્યુ છે કે “એમના જેવા પુરુષોની જ્યારે ખુબ જરૂર છે ત્યારે તે ગયા. પણ ટીળક મહારાજ પેઠે એમને ખાતરી હતી કે, હિંદમાતાની કુખેથી જોઈતા નરવીરો મળ્યા જ કરશે. એવા આપણે સૌ બનવા મથીને આ વીર દેશભક્તનું તર્પણ કરી શકીએ. તેઓતો અત્યારે એમના મહાદેવ અને બા બાપુની પાસે, જેમ જેલમાં જોડે હતા તેમ, અનંતતાની કેદમાં પહોચી ગયા હશે. અને ત્યાં રહ્યા એમેય કદાચ પુછતા હોય, કેદમાં તમે દુનિયા પર રહેલા છો કે અમે? એમનો જીવનપાઠ યાદ કરીએ તો સરદાર સદાય આપણી પાસે જ છે. એ પાઠ આપીને સરદાર અમર થયા છે.

તેમના અવસાનથી હિંદની પ્રગતિમાં એક જબરદસ્ત ફટકો લાગ્યો છે. માંડ માંડ મહાત્માની ખોટથી થયેલ આઘાતમાંથી હિંદની પ્રજા હજુ ઉભી થઈ શકી છે ત્યાંતો સરદાર, જેઓ તેમની ખોટ સુંદર રીતે પુરી કરી રહ્યા હતા અને પ્રેમપુર્વક દેશને એક આકાર આપી રહ્યા હતા તેમને પણ ઈશ્વરે છીનવી લીધા. આધુનિક ઈતિહાસથી જેઓ વાકેફ છે તેઓ સારી રીતે જાણે છે કે છેલ્લા પાંત્રીસ વર્ષથી સરદારે દેશની અથાગ સેવાઓ બજાવી છે, ધીરજ, હીંમત, દ્રઢતા, ગમે તેવી પરીસ્થિતીમાં મગજનું સમતોલપણું, તીક્ષ્ણ બુધ્ધી, સ્પષ્ટવકતા, ગંભીરતા અને છતાં અતિ રમુજી સ્વભાવ, કે જેણે ગાંધીજીને અનેકવાર પેટ દુ:ખે ત્યાં સુધી હસાવ્યા હતા, એ સઘળા અને બીજા અનેક સરદાર પટેલના અગ્રગણ્ય ગુણો હતા. તેમની પ્રથમ મહાન સિધ્ધીઓ ખેડા અને બારડોલીમાં થઈ હતી, જ્યાં જાતે ખેડુત વર્ગના હોઈ, તેઓએ, બ્રિટિશ સરકાર તરફથી ખેડુતો પર અમાનુષી જમીન મહેસુલ નાખી તેઓની કાયમની કંગાલ દશા કરી મુકવામાં આવી હતી, તેની સામે અહિંસક મુક્તિસંગ્રામ કરી તેમાં વિજય પ્રાપ્ત કર્યો હતો. તેમની વાણીમાં તો મરેલ માણસને પણ જાગ્રુત કરીદે તેટલું જોર હતું. અને આખા ગુજરાતે તેમને સરદારનો ઈલ્કાબ આપ્યો હતો. આજે પણ તેમને સરદાર તરીકે જ ઓળખીએ છીએ.



અમદાવાદની મ્યુનીસીપાલીટીના પ્રમુખ તરીકે તેમણે પોતાની અજબ વહીવટશક્તિ બતાવી આપી હતી. શહેરમાં તેમણે એટલા સુધારા કર્યા કે બ્રિટીશ રાજ્યમાં જે એક નરક સમાન હતું તેને માનવ વસવાટને લાયક શહેર બની ગયું હતું. સરકાર સામે જ્યારે જ્યારે ઝુંબેશ ઉઠાવવાનો પ્રસંગ આવેલો ત્યારે એ કાર્ય સફળતાથી પાર પાડવા ગાંધીજી સરદાર પર પુર્ણ વિશ્વાસ રાખતા હતા. સરદાર પટેલના કાર્યોની ખ્યાતી તો એટલી હતીકે ઈંગ્લેંડથી બ્રિટીશ સરકાર પણ આ સરદાર કોણ છે? તેની તપાસ કરવા માટે બ્રિટીશ સરકાર ભારતમાં પત્રો લખીને તપાસ કરાવેલ.

૧૯૪૨માં કસોટીનો ખરેખરો વખત આવ્યો, જ્યારે આખા દેશમાં ત્રાસ પ્રવર્તન ચાલ્યું અને દેશના નેતાને વગર તપાસે કેદખાનામાં પુરી દેવામાં આવ્યા. સરદાર વલ્લભભાઈ પટેલની દ્રઢતા જેવીને તેવીજ રહી. તેમની ઉમર તથા કેદમાં સખત જીવન ગાળવું પડેલું હોવાથી તેમની તંદુરસ્તી ઉપર ખુબજ માઠી અસર થઈ હતી. પરંતુ તેમના લોખંડી મનોબળ, કાર્યશૈલી તથા હિંમતની સાચી પરીક્ષા તો હજુ થવાની બાકી હતી. તેમાં પણ તેઓ પાર ઉતર્યા કે મહાન બ્રિટીશ સલ્તનતના ભડવીરોને તાજુબી થયા વિન નહી રહી હોય. ૧૯૪૭માં બ્રિટીશ સરકારે છેવટે હિંદ છોડી જવાનો ઠરાવ કર્યો. પરંતુ છોડતાં પહેલાં તેણે હિંદને શક્ય હોય તેટલું નુક્સાન કર્યુ અને તેના ટુકડે ટુકડા થાય તેમ કરવાને માત્ર નીચે દારૂગોળો જ મુકવાનો બાકી રખ્યો હતો. તેમની તો એટલી ખાત્રી હતી કે જો આમ થાય તો છ મહીનામાં હિંદ બ્રિટીશ સરકારને રાજ પાછું સોંપવાને મજબુર થઈ પગે પડતું આવશે. બસો વર્ષની કારકીર્દીમાં હિંદને છિન્નભિન્ન કરી નાખ્યુ હતું. અને એથી જ ચારસો દેશી રાજ્યોમાં ભાગલા પાડવામાં આવેલ હતા, અને દેશી રજવાડાઓ બ્રિટીશરોને જ વફાદાર રહેવા માટે એક વણલખી ફરજ પાડેલ હતી. એજ કારણથી હિંદુ અને મુસ્લીમ વચ્ચે કોમી ભાગલા અને જાતી અને જ્ઞાતી ભેદોને પોષવામાં આવી રહ્યા હતા. જતાં જતાં બ્રિટીશ સરકારે હિંદના પણ ભાગલા કરવામાં કાંઈ બાકી રાખ્યું નહોતું. અને જેના પરીણામ રૂપે હિંદ અને પાકિસ્તાનના ભાગલા પડ્યા.

સરદાર પુર્ણ યશસ્વીરીતે ઝળકી રહ્યા હતા તે વખતે જવાહરલાલ જેવા નેતાઓ પણ ઢીલા પડી ગયા ત્યારે સરદાર પટેલ એકલા જ પર્વતની દ્રઢતાથી પરીસ્થિતીનો સામનો કરવા ઉભા રહેલા હ્રદય લોહીના આસું પાડી રહ્યું હતુ અને તેમ છતાં તેઓની આંખોમાં જરાય પણ ઉદાસીનતા જોવા મળતી ન હતી કદાચ આ ઉદાસીનતાનો ભાસ ભારતના લોકોને ન થાય એટલે જ તેઓ પોતાના આસુંઓ ને વહેવા નહોતા દેતા. હિંદનો નાશ કરવાના બ્રિટીશ સરકારના દરેક કાવતરાને પોતાની કુનેહથી તોડતા ગયા અને દેશના સમગ્ર રજવાડાઓને સમજાવટથી હિંદમાં જોડાવા માટે રાજી કર્યા. અને હિંદ એક સંયુક્ત દેશ બની ગયો. આવા સરદાર હતા આપણા જેમની ખોટ આજે પણ વર્તાય છે.

સત્યાગ્રહો વખતે તેમણે દેશને પ્રેરણા આપનારા કેટલાક ટુચકાઓ કહ્યા તેમાના અમુકતો એવા છે કે જે વાંચીને પણ આપણા રોમ રોમમાં દેશ માટે લડવા તૈયાર થઈ જાય એવા છે...
સત્તાધીશોની સત્તા તેમના મ્રુત્યુ સાથે જ સમાપ્ત થાય છે. જ્યારે મહાન દેશ ભક્તોની સત્તા તેમના મ્રુત્યુ પછીથી જ ખરો અમલ ચલાવે છે.
    બે ટીપાં ગંગાજળ નાખવાથી ગટર પવિત્ર નહી બને... પ્રજાની ઉન્નતીનો આધાર તેની હિંમત, તેના ચારિત્ર, અને તેની ભોગ આપવાની શક્તિ ઉપર રહેલ છે.
    જુલ્મી રાજનીતીના અમલદારોની દેખરેખ નીચે જે શિક્ષણ અપાય છે તે લેવું તમારે બંધ કરવું જોઈએ. એમાંજ તમારૂ સ્વમાન જળવાયેલું રહેશે. એવા શિક્ષણથી તમારૂ કશુ ભલુ નથી થવાનું. તમારે સાહસીક થવાનું છે. બધા કરતા દેશના શ્રેયનો આધાર તમારાજ સાહસ પર રહેલો છે. દેશને સ્વતંત્ર બનાવવા તમેજ મદદ કરી શકશો.

TODAY THAT DAY : 09 DECEMBER 1947

INDIA AND PAKISTAN AGREE


Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Deputy Prime Minister of India, told the Constituent Assembly in New Delhi to-day that complete agreement had been reached between the Dominion of India and Pakistan on all outstanding issues relating to partition, including those affecting the armed forces.


Nottingham Evening Post - Tuesday, December 9, 1947

TODAY THAT DAY : 07 DECEMBER 1946

CRISIS MAY BE POSTPONED


Political circles in New Delhi were not surprised by the inconclusive results of the London talks. One Congress spokesman said that a crisis may be postponed for some months, which would provide yet another opportunity for a settlement.


Vallabhbhai Patel "Strong Man" of the Indian Congress, declared to-day he felt certain that as soon as vital Moslem interests are at stake, the Moslem League will enter the Constitutional Assembly.


 


THE YORKSHIRE EVENING POST - SATURDAY, DECEMBER 7, 1947

THE LEADER

Saturday, October 15, 1949


The greatest chastisement that a man may receive who hath outraged another, is to have done the outrage; and there is no man so rudely punished as he that is subject to the whip of his own repentance. SENECA.

G L O R I O U S REVOLUTION


The highlight of the proceedings of the Constituent Assembly on Wednesday was Sardar Patel's speech on the "bloodless revolution" in the states. The British ruling classes have rendered many and grave disservices to India during their regime in this country. Their last disservice before their departure from India was the enunciation of the doctrine of lapse of paramountcy. According to this doctrine, each one of the states in India became an independent kingdom on August 15, 1947. If this doctrine had been carried out, India would have been ruined. In unity lies strength. The doctrine of lapse implied India's fragmentation. There are about 600 states in India. If every one of the 600 states had become independent, the result would have been chaos. Sardar Patel averted this disaster.

Sardar Patel's achievement has surprised both friends and foes. British political officers who had been inciting the rulers of states against the Congress left India full of hope that not one of the states would accede to the Indian Union. But a miracle happened. Before the first contingent of ex-British bureaucrats reached Aden on their way to England, the majority of states had acceded to the Indian Union.


But Sardar Patel realized that accession was not enough. The instruments of accession executed by the rulers provided for the accession of states to the Indian Union on only three subjects, namely defence, external affairs and communications. The administration of the states was inefficient and corrupt and the establishment of modern standards of administration was beyond their means. What was needed besides accession was the consolidation of states into sizable administrative units. This reform has been carried out. The states, with the exception of half-a-dozen, have merged either in unions of states or in provinces. Today the relations of the Central Government with the states are the same as those with the provinces not only in respect of defence, external affairs and communications, but in respect of defence, external affairs and communications, but in respect of all subjects. In other words, India is one.

It is remarkable fact that in spite of the efforts of British Political officers to alienate the princes from Indian National leaders, the process of unification was carried out with the support and cooperation of the people and the rulers of the states. Sardar Patel encountered opposition in very few states. The Nawab of Junagarh who had promised to accede to India broke his promise and surreptitiously acceded to Pakistan. But he had reckoned without his host. The people who wanted that Junagarh should accede to India rose in revolt and the Nawab fled Junagarh and took refuge in Pakistan. The Nawab of Bhopal acceded to India but he insisted that the state must retain its autonomy. In plain words, he wanted to remain in feudal chief. He announced a scheme of constitutional reforms. The people rejected the scheme. The reforms were a farce. The people wanted integration. The Nawab argued that the agitation for the merger of Bhopal was ill-timed and, therefor, ill-advised and, that the people would do well to realize the complications inherent in the situation. The people were not impressed by the argument. They replied that no complications arose when states bigger than Bhopal merged in the Madhya Bharat and that a voluntary surrender of his power would conduce to the Nawab's own interests. "Remember Junagarh", they said. The warning had the desired effect.

The States Ministry had to face opposition in Hyderabad owing to the fact that power in that state had been captured by a party of Fascists who called themselves Razakars. They declared Hyderabad an independent state. They received encouragement and support from Pakistan. But as the Razakars were hated by the people, the Indian army was able to occupy Hyderabad and free the Nizam from the clutches of the Razakars without much difficulty. Hyderabad is now as much a part of India as, say, Mysore. In fact, Hyderabad had never been independent during the last 200 years. The rulers of Pakistan supported the Razakars because they were interested in India's disruption. Kashmir acceded to India about two years ago. But Pakistanis argued that because the majority of the population of the state is Muslim, therefore, Kashmir should accede to Pakistan. Pakistanis invaded Kashmir and tried to occupy it by force. The invasion was a total failure. The Pakistanis who had invaded the beautiful Valley full of hopes of loot and victory, received a good beating. The Pakistanis may prevent a free and impartial plebiscite being held for sometime, but Sheikh Abdullah has demolished the two-nation theory and the accession of Kashmir to Pakistan is out of question. No Country ever witnessed such a glorious revolution. We achieved not only independence but we achieved, as Sardar Patel said, "The great ideal of geographical, political and economic unification of India an ideal which for centuries remained a distant dream and which appeared as remote and as difficult of attainment as ever even after the advent of Indian independence." The achievement is the result mainly of the efforts of Sardar Patel.. MAY HE LIVE LONG.

TODAY THAT DAY : 29 NOVEMBER 1933

MRS. GANDHI AGAIN ARRESTED


Disregards Magistrate's Warning.

Mrs. Gandhi was arrested this afternoon at Nadiad Railway Station, near here, while on her way to the village of Ras, where she announced she proposed to participate in civil disobedience. This makes the sixth time Mrs. Gandhi has been arrested within the last two years. She was to-day accompanied by the daughter of Mr. Vallabhbhai Patel, a leader of Congress and an intimate friend of Mr. Gandhi, who was also arrested.

The two were brought before the local magistrate, to whom they declared that they were on their way to Ras to conduct Congress propaganda. The magistrate thereupon served notices upon the two women requiring them not to participate in civil disobedience and to leave the Kaira district forthwith.

When they refused to comply with these orders Mrs. Gandhi and her companion were taken into custody.

THE NORTHERN WHIG AND BELFAST POST, Wednesday, November 29, 1933

TODAY THAT DAY : 26 NOVEMBER 1924

SWARAJIST DISCOURTESY


At a meeting of the Bombay Municipal Corporation Mr. V. J. Patel the Swarajist president announced that he had declined invitations to public functions arranged in the honor of the forthcoming visit of the Viceroy. "In accordance with his convictions and without meaning disrespect to the Viceroy as representative of the King." - (Reuter)

TODAY THAT DAY : 26 NOVEMBER 1947

HYDERABAD "POLITICAL WONDERLAND"

Moslem Ruler Wants State to be Third Dominion

From ALAN MOOREHEAD, "THE SCOTSMAN" SPECIAL CORRESPONDENT

Hyderabad, Tuesday. Hyderabad is a State one half the size of France with a population of 18,000,000 and a treasure in gold, money, and precious stones which is vaguely estimated at £400,000,000,000. The destiny of the State, the people, and the treasure is at this moment being decided in circumstances which one can only describe as haphazard, confused, and full of oriental mysticism.

Alone of all the Indian States Hyderabad has not acceded to either Pakistan of the Indian Union. It is the largest, the richest, and the most powerful State. And yet there is no British representative whatever here or, for that matter, the representative of any other foreign Power.

Hyderabad has no elected Government. The Opposition is in prison. It governs itself through an ancient feudal monarchy and a British political machine which has now been left running on its own momentum, unsupported, in a void. It is a political wonderland of a kind spectacular even for Asia.

The way of the visiting newspaper correspondent is not easy. HE arrives to find a country which is outwardly more prosperous and tranquil than almost any other in India. These quiet streets are the negation of crisis Neither in the bazaars nor in the Government buildings would you ever guess that Hyderabad is struggling for its existence and even mobilising in a vague sort of way against a possible invasion.

ALL POWERFUL NIZAM

The stranger is received with nothing but kindness. It is only when he begins to make inquiries about what is happening that the facts seem to evaporate in front of him; and presently he begins to realise that no official here can speak with authority, that the only real controller of events is the Moslem ruler himself, His Exalted Highness the Nizam.

And the Nizam is at prayers. He will remain at prayers, mourning the death of the grandson of the Prophet throughout the remainder of this week and part of next week as well. Everything stops for Mohurram, which is the most solemn observance of the Mohammedan Year.

The truth is, of course, that all this State is gripped by the long habit of obedience, of eventless days endlessly repeating themselves as inevitable a Royal house which has ruled in peace for two hundred years.

When the policemen's whistles blow sharply in the streets and the Nizam, a thin and lonely little man in an old hat, comes blowing along in a very old motor car on his way to the Mosque, when one roads on civic buildings "His Exalted Highness's Post office" or "His Exalted Highness's Bank" or "By His Exalted Highness's permission" when one sees the special Hyderabad stamps and the special currency notes when one hears stories of fabulous rooms at the Palace filled with sacks of slowly-decaying pearls guarded by 1500 Arab tribesmen-one must realise that all this has obtained the complete and apathetic acceptance of the people because thins have always been like this.

The modern read London buses, the excellent airport, the telephones, and the clean paved streets are simply a twentieth-century incrustation.

In Hyderabad every other day is a wedding or festival, a mourning or a funeral in the strict Wordsworthian sense; this sets the pace of life. These are the real things. The rest is a matter for the Nizam and for God.

CASE FOR INDEPENDENCE

Nevertheless, it is possible with patience to extract the fact of Hyderabad's case for independence. My authorities for what follows are a number of official letters which passed between Earl Mountbatten and the Nizam, and a talk with Nawab Moin Nawaz Jung, the State's chief negotiator, just before he left for Delhi this week in a last attempt to reach an understanding with Pandit Nehru - Prime Minster of the Dominion of India and Mr. Vallabhbhai Patel (Sardar Patel) Minister for Home and the States.

Hyderabad is different from every other Indian States because it is large and rich - larger and richer than most of the members of the United Nations-because it has a separate treaty with Britain, because it is an island of law and order on this continent, and because 80% of its inhabitants are Hindus and 20% Moslems.

In these circumstances it wishes to remain independent as a third Dominion in India. It is quite prepared, however, to fuse its economy, its defence, its communications, and its foreign policy with India. The only thing it will not give up is its sovereignty. It will not place itself under the entire control of the Government in Delhi.

Hyderabad to go on quoting the official case is being threatened and bullied by Delhi. A blockade, especially in petrol has begun. Indian troops are gathering on its borders in a menacing fashion. It has been deserted by Britain. It can get nothing out of Earl Mountbatten in Delhi but the repeated advice "You should accede to the Dominion of India." And Mr. Vallabhbhai Patel (Sardar Patel)  keeps making threatening speeches.

All this is unethical and unfair. It would be tedious to go into all the rebuttals of these points, all the devious negotiations which have dragged on between Hyderabad and Delhi for the last four months.

They even exhausted the powers of Sir Walter Monckton, the Nizam's legal adviser Sir Walter has returned to England.

What the Nizam is endeavouring to patch up now is a compromise, a standstill agreement which will preserve the status quo for another twelve months but this will solve nothing.

THE REAL ISSUES

To an outsider the real issues appear to be those of force. The Nizam, his ancestors, and a small group of Moslems have maintained power in this Hindu State since the eighteenth century, and they do not want to give it up. They cannot be independent because they have no ports and no effective army. They cannot accede to Pakistan because Pakistan is far away. They observe that the Indian Army has got itself heavily involved in Kashmir and it gives them some hope that they can go on playing for time.

To put it bluntly, the Nizam's best chance lies in the India and Pakistan so weakening them selves by quarreling with one another that they will leave Hyderabad alone.

In many ways one must sympathise with him. He feels, no doubt that the Delhi Government is a ramshackle structure full of political arrivists, communists, and other dangerous cranks.

Why should he surrender to them? Why throw away the traditions and dignities of two hundred years? What guarantees will be given? How shall his treasure be guarded? Will not riots break out between Moslem and Hindu once his power is gone? In the end will he not be forced to abdicate? Why have the British deserted him?

There can be only the gloomiest answers to these questions. And that is why Hyderabad is so peaceful this morning. It is the peace of intense anxiety.

Architect of Swaraj - 6

It was too much even for Gandhi. He wrote to Nehru, the Congress President, while forwarding the award, "It is my view that by his conduct in this matter, Nariman has proved himself unfit to hold any responsible position." Nehru placed the award before the Working Committee which resolved, "The Committee are of the opinion that in view of the findings in this report, and his (Nariman's) acceptance of them and his subsequent recalcitrance, his conduct has been such as to prove him unworthy of holding any position of trust and responsibility in the Congress organization."

Now let us turn to the Khare episode. Dr. Narayan Bhaskar Khare was the Chief Minister of Central Provinces. C. P. comprised Hindi Speaking and Marathi speaking areas. Soon after the Ministry was formed three ministers, namely D. P. Misra, R. S. Shukla and D. K. Mehta withheld their co-operation to their leader Dr. Khare. They charged some of the Ministers of Dr. Khare's cabinet of corruption and nepotism and submitted their resignations. Sardar Patel, however, intervened. He called a meeting on 24th May, 1931 at Panchmarhi and succeeded in resolving their differences. But these again came to the surface and the three Ministers continued to send complaints against Dr. Khare to Patel. They also withheld their co-operation to their leader. Dr. Khare asked them to resign but they refused. Then he tendered his resignation hoping that they too would resign but still they refused to resign. So the Governor asked for their resignations and when they refused their services were terminated. Next day the Governor invited Dr. Khare to form a Government which he did.

Constitutionally Dr. Khare did not do anything undemocratic and the action of the Governor was also not unjust. But the Congress Working Committee took exception to it. The Committee called Dr. Khare and held him guilty of approaching the Governor without first approaching the Congress Working Committee. He was also taken to Gandhi. Khare agreed to resign but declared his intention to contest for the leadership of the Party. This was not acceptable to the Working Committee and Gandhi who held him guilty. The Working Committee and the instance of Patel resolved that Dr. Khare was unworthy to hold any position in the Congress.

In 1939 the Second World War had started. In July, 1940 the position of England had become precarious. The Congress Working Committee offered their help to Britain if India was promised independence after the War. This, however, was not acceptable to Gandhi and he parted company with the Congress. This idea of conditional help was that of Rajaji and Sardar was its firm supporter. Patel had undergo mental anguish. On the one side was his loyalty to Gandhi and on the other side was his faith that non-violence would be of no avail in War time. But the Britishers had no mind to give freedom to India. They told the Congress to settle with the League. The Congress approached the League again and again got and a rebuff from Jinnah.

After the failure of Cripps Mission the Congress passed a resolution calling for the Britishers to quite India. The resolution was passed on the midnight of 8th August 1942 by the All - India Congress committee at Bombay. The resolution sought the withdrawal of British rule from India as an urgent necessity both for India and for the success of the cause of United Kingdom. As anticipated by Sardar Patel, a few hours after the resolution was passed the Government arrested all the important leaders of the Congress.

Lord Wavell, who had replaced Lord Linlithgow, was sympathetic to India. His first step in this direction was the release of all political leaders. He invited a conference of 21 leaders from all parties at Simla. The Conference met at Simla on June 25, 1945. Sardar Patel went to Simla but did not participate in the Conference.

The Conference failed because of Mr. Jinnah. Sardar Patel was unhappy over the failure of the Congress was outlawed Jinnah had used all his energy in strengthening his party. And it had become so powerful that Jinnah had acquired the power of veto in political matters.

India's chances, however, brightened when the Labour Government came to power on July 26, 1945. The Labour Government lost no time and on 19th September, 1945 the Prime Minister Clement Attlee announced that provincial autonomy would be restored to India after the elections, a Constituent Assembly would be set up as soon as possible to frame out future constitution and the Viceroy's Council would be reconstituted in consultation with the principal Indian Parties. This announcement was joyously greeted and the people felt that for the first time Government meant business. Both the Congress and the League started campaigning for the ensuing elections.

 

TO BE CONTINUE…..

Courtesy : ARCHITECT OF SWARAJ
Page – 88-89

Architect of Swaraj – 5


At the Congress session Gandhi announced his decision to resign from the Congress. This decision of Gandhi came as a shock to all the Congress workers. C. Rajagopalachari, Abul Kalam Azad and others appealed to Gandhi to reconsider his decision. Surprisingly, when all were appealing to Gandhi not to leave the Congress, Patel was the only person who supported his decision. On hearing him C. Rajagopalachari remarked, "Gandhiji has many blind followers who will not see anything with their own eyes but only with his. But Sardar Patel is a class by himself as a blind follower. His eyes are clear and bright. He can see everything but he deliberately allows his eyes to be blinded and attempts to see only with Gandhiji's eyes."

Once the Congress had decided to contest the elections, a Parliamentary Sub-Committee was set up with Sardar Patel as Chairman and Rajendra Prasad and Maulana Azad as Members. Patel was entrusted with the task of selecting the right candidates for the ensuing elections. This he did without fear and favour. He disappointed many personal friends and became very unpopular. He was charged with being a Fascist, a Hitler and even a Super Hitler. Some people even asserted that Patel had called himself a Super Hitler. But Patel remained undaunted by these attacks. He simply explained that he had laid down some criteria and that they would be scrupulously adhered to.

Shri C. Rajagopalachari photographed with Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. April 28, 1950.[/caption]

Patel also organised a campaign to educate the voters in the value of the vote. The prestige of the Congress was at stake. The Government felt that Congressmen were no longer popular with the masses. Patel was confident of his State - Gujarat. So he devoted all his time and energy to other states. And the results of the 1937 elections were an eye opener. The Congress had swept the polls. In five out of eleven provinces Madras, Bihar, Central Provinces, United Provinces and Orissa - The Congress won and absolute majority. In four states, i.e., N.W.F.P., Bombay, Bengal and Assam it was the largest single party. Only in Punjab and Sind was it in a minority.

The formation of Congress Ministries led to some internal problems of discipline and it led to two episodes - Nariman episode in Bombay and Khare episode in Central Provinces. K.F. Nariman was a well known congressman of Bombay. He was also the President of Bombay Provincial Congress Committee and it was expected that he would be the elected leader of the Congress Party in the legislature. But he was passed over for leadership in favour of B. G. Kher, may be because Nariman had badly let down the Congress in the previous election. Nariman was shocked.

The episode would have ended there had not some Parsi owned newspapers of Bombay taken up the cause of Nariman. The Bombay Samachar and the Sentinel openly wrote that Nariman had been passed over because Patel "brought to bear improper pressure on Members of the Legislature to reject him."

The Press published Nariman's grievances and led a malicious campaign against Patel. Nariman wrote to Jawaharlal Nehru who was the President of the Congress for that year to intervene. Nehru replied to him that he was prepared to place his case before the Working Committee. But Nariman felt that the decisions of the Working Committee would not be impartial. To this Nehru replied rather sternly that "since the Working Committee unfortunately does not enjoy your confidence, you can go to the Privy Council or League of Nations or any other tribunal in which you have confidence." After receiving this rather stiff letter Nariman turned to Gandhi. During his time he was issuing many statements and the Press was carrying on propaganda against Patel. It was even mentioned that Nariman was dropped for he was a Parsi.

Gandhi wanted to end this controversy and wrote to Nariman that he and D. N. Bahadurji were prepared to arbitrate if the tribunal was acceptable to him. Nariman agreed to it. There were two different matters to be enquired into :

  1. Nariman's conduct and attitude in 1934 election.

  2. Election of leader to Bombay Parliamentary Party in March 1937.


The award or the tribunal was "that the charge against Mr. Nariman in respect of the election of 1934 is proved and the charge made by Mr. Nariman against Sardar Patel is not proved." When the award was shown to Nariman by Gandhi he accepted it. But a week later he rejected the award and said that he had signed it at a time of mental depression.

 

TO BE CONTINUE…..

Courtesy : ARCHITECT OF SWARAJ
Page – 86-87
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